Chapter 52Overview: The Scope of EcologyPowerPoint PresentationSlide 4Slide 5Slide 6Slide 7Slide 8Slide 9Slide 10Slide 11Slide 12Slide 13Slide 14Slide 15Slide 16Slide 17Concept 52.1: Ecology integrates all areas of biological research and informs environmental decision makingSlide 19Linking Ecology and Evolutionary BiologyEcology and Environmental IssuesSlide 22Concept 52.2: Interactions between organisms and the environment limit the distribution of speciesSlide 24Slide 25Slide 26Dispersal and DistributionNatural Range ExpansionsSlide 29Species TransplantsBehavior and Habitat SelectionBiotic FactorsSlide 33Abiotic FactorsTemperatureWaterSalinitySunlightSlide 39Rocks and SoilClimateGlobal Climate PatternsSlide 43Slide 44Slide 45Slide 46Slide 47Slide 48Slide 49Slide 50Slide 51Regional, Local, and Seasonal Effects on ClimateSlide 53Slide 54Slide 55Slide 56Slide 57Slide 58Slide 59MicroclimateLong-Term Climate ChangeSlide 62Concept 52.3: Aquatic biomes are diverse and dynamic systems that cover most of EarthSlide 64Slide 65Stratification of Aquatic BiomesSlide 67Slide 68Slide 69Slide 70Slide 71Slide 72Slide 73Slide 74Slide 75Slide 76Slide 77Slide 78Slide 79Slide 80Slide 81Slide 82Slide 83Slide 84Slide 85Slide 86Slide 87Slide 88Slide 89Slide 90Slide 91Slide 92Slide 93Slide 94Slide 95Slide 96Slide 97Slide 98Slide 99Concept 52.4: The structure and distribution of terrestrial biomes are controlled by climate and disturbanceSlide 101Climate and Terrestrial BiomesSlide 103General Features of Terrestrial Biomes and the Role of DisturbanceSlide 105Slide 106Slide 107Slide 108Slide 109Slide 110Slide 111Slide 112Slide 113Slide 114Slide 115Slide 116Slide 117Slide 118Slide 119Slide 120Slide 121Slide 122Slide 123Slide 124Slide 125Slide 126Slide 127Slide 128Slide 129You should now be able to:Slide 131Slide 132Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin CummingsPowerPoint® Lecture Presentations for Biology Eighth EditionNeil Campbell and Jane ReeceLectures by Chris Romero, updated by Erin Barley with contributions from Joan Sharp Chapter 52Chapter 52An Introduction to Ecology and the BiosphereCopyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin CummingsOverview: The Scope of Ecology•Ecology is the scientific study of the interactions between organisms and the environment•These interactions determine distribution of organisms and their abundance•Ecology reveals the richness of the biosphereCopyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin CummingsThe Scope of Ecological Research•Ecologists work at levels ranging from individual organisms to the planetCopyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings•Organismal ecology studies how an organism’s structure, physiology, and (for animals) behavior meet environmental challengesFig. 52-1Fig. 52-2OrganismalecologyPopulationecologyCommunityecologyEcosystemecologyLandscapeecologyGlobalecologyFig. 52-2aCopyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings•A population is a group of individuals of the same species living in an area•Population ecology focuses on factors affecting how many individuals of a species live in an areaFig. 52-2bCopyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings•A community is a group of populations of different species in an area•Community ecology deals with the whole array of interacting species in a communityFig. 52-2cCopyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings•An ecosystem is the community of organisms in an area and the physical factors with which they interact•Ecosystem ecology emphasizes energy flow and chemical cycling among the various biotic and abiotic componentsFig. 52-2dCopyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings•A landscape is a mosaic of connected ecosystems•Landscape ecology deals with arrays of ecosystems and how they are arranged in a geographic regionFig. 52-2eCopyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings•The biosphere is the global ecosystem, the sum of all the planet’s ecosystems•Global ecology examines the influence of energy and materials on organisms across the biosphereFig. 52-2fCopyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin CummingsConcept 52.1: Ecology integrates all areas of biological research and informs environmental decision making•Ecology has a long history as a descriptive science•It is also a rigorous experimental scienceFig. 52-3TroughPipe“Dry” “Wet”“Ambient”Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin CummingsLinking Ecology and Evolutionary Biology•Events that occur in ecological time affect life on the scale of evolutionary timeCopyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin CummingsEcology and Environmental Issues•Ecology provides the scientific understanding that underlies environmental issues•Ecologists make a distinction between science and advocacy•Rachel Carson is credited with starting the modern environmental movement with the publication of Silent Spring in 1962Fig. 52-4Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin CummingsConcept 52.2: Interactions between organisms and the environment limit the distribution of species•Ecologists have long recognized global and regional patterns of distribution of organisms within the biosphere•Biogeography is a good starting point for understanding what limits geographic distribution of species•Ecologists recognize two kinds of factors that determine distribution: biotic, or living factors, and abiotic, or nonliving factorsFig. 52-5Kangaroos/km20–0.10.1–11–55–1010–20> 20Limits ofdistributionCopyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings•Ecologists consider multiple factors when attempting to explain the distribution of speciesFig. 52-6Why is species X absentfrom an area?Does dispersallimit itsdistribution?Does behaviorlimit itsdistribution?Area inaccessibleor insufficient timeYesNoNoNoYesYesHabitat selectionDo biotic factors(other species)limit itsdistribution?Predation, parasitism,competition, diseaseDo abiotic factorslimit itsdistribution?ChemicalfactorsPhysicalfactorsWaterOxygenSalinitypHSoil nutrients, etc.TemperatureLightSoil structureFireMoisture,