Slide 1Information about the courseBasic principles of biologyBiology obeys the laws of chemistry and physicsSo what’s so special about water?So what’s so special about water?Hydrophobic (fear) vs hydrophilic (likes)Slide 8Carbohydrates- “AKA Sugars”Sugars (-ose)SugarsSugarsImportant disaccharidesSlide 14LipidsSlide 16Fats and oilsSlide 18Slide 19Sterols as lipidsProteinsProteinsTermsSlide 24ProteinsSlide 26ProteinsWhat are proteins used for?Nucleic acidsLecture 4 termsSlide 31Slide 32Slide 33Slide 34All cells have:Eukaryotic cells vs prokaryotic cellsMajor Membrane-bound organellesProteins in cell membraneLecture 5 TermsSlide 40Membrane functionOsmotic pressureSlide 43Facilitated Diffusion via channels (pores)Active transport via pumpsCotransportSlide 47Electrochemical gradientsNucleusMitochondriaChloroplastsSlide 52Major membrane-bound organellesSlide 54Terms Lecture 6Slide 56MitochondriaChloroplastsSlide 59Endoplasmic reticulumSlide 61Lecture 7 TermsSlide 63Physical Law #1Slide 65How can I know if a chemical reaction will occur spontaneously?How can I know if a chemical reaction will occur spontaneously?Slide 68Slide 69Why do biochemical pathways look so complicated?Respiration: harvesting energy in chemical bondsRespirationGlycolysisLecture 9 TermsSlide 75Glycolysis (Important!)Slide 77Glycolysis and Krebs CycleOxidative phosphorylationSlide 80Photosynthesis (C3)Slide 82The ground rulesThe LightSlide 85The Light Reactions (in the thylakoid membrane)TermsSlide 88Light conversion to chemical energy: Scheme #1Scheme 2: The major SchemeThe Dark Reactions (Use energy to make complex molecules)Slide 92Slide 93Slide 94Slide 95Slide 96Slide 97Unit 1: CellsBiology 151Lecture 1- ___Information about the course•Exams: all materials covered in lecture and textbook (especially if it is covered in lecture)•Lecture notes prior to each lecture at learn @ UW•Tips:–Ask questions in lecture, office hours (M 3-4 pm)–Study groups–Q & A time: 8 pm in 132 NolandBasic principles of biology•Biology obeys the laws of chemistry and physics•The cell is the basic unit of living things–Cannot be an independent living thing if you are not a cell•The cell is not at equilibrium with the environment (#1 of big 3)–Life requires energy•Life requires water (#2 of big 3)–3:3:3 rule- You can survive about 3 weeks without eating, 3 days without drinking, 3 minutes without breathing•Life depends upon a universal genetic code (#3 of big 3)•Evolution is a core theme in biologyBiology obeys the laws of chemistry and physics•Alternate view called vitalism, the workings of biological entities is different from chemistry•Synthesis of urea, a biological chemical, helped prove biological chemistry was normal•Chemistry of organisms called organic chemistry, now taken to mean carbon-based–Average human is 15-20% Kg of carbon (about 20% compared to oxygen at 65%!!)•This principle does not mean that we are simply mobile bags of chemical reactionsSo what’s so special about water?•All living organisms require water•Cells are about 70-95 % water•Water exists in three physical states: liquid, solid, and gasSo what’s so special about water?•Polar molecule (polar covalent bonds)•Properties of water:–1. Cohesion: Water molecules stay close to each other by hydrogen bonding•Basically, water sticks to itself because they are polar molecules•Water transport in plants- trees transport water more than 100 meters upward!•Surface tension (water strider bug not sinking)–2. Ice floats: Insulating the oceans and land masses in winter•It is less dense as a solid than as a liquid•The floating ice insulates the liquid water below, allowing life to exist under the frozen surface•When water is not a liquid the chemistry of life slows to a stop–3. It is a fabulous solvent: allowing biochemistry and membranes to occur•The polar molecules/charges make them good solvents•Without water the chemistry of life can’t occur•Without water the structure of cells (membranes) can’t formHydrophobic (fear) vs hydrophilic (likes)•Any substance that has affinity for water is hydrophilic (likes)–Hydrogen and carbon attract electrons equally, so HYDROCARBON chains (with just carbon and hydrogen) are non-polar- FATS AND OILS–Oxygen attracts electrons more (has negative charge) and nitrogen (will have a positive charge) less than carbon, so organic molecules with oxygen or nitrogen are polarized- SUGARSFour main types of organic molecules that make up living things •Carbohydrates•Lipids•Proteins•Nucleic acidCarbohydrates- “AKA Sugars”•Carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen (more than just a trace)•Best known example, sugars, especially glucose–Glucose is the most important sugar in our blood•Carbohydrates: Why are they there?1. Contain energy (chemical bonds)2. Transport energy3. Store energy4. Can be structuralSugars (-ose)•What do they look like (structure= function)?–(CH2O)n carbon with water, three carbons or more–Each carbon has one hydrogen and one hydroxyl (OH)–H-C-OH, except for one carbon–C=O, double bonded oxygen, called a carbonyl–Carbonyls and hydroxyls make sugars hydrophilicSugars•(CH2O)n–n=3 is glyceraldehyde–N=4 is erythrose–N=5 is ribose–N=6 is glucose and fructose•Five and six carbon sugars often exist in a ring (glucose and fructose)Sugars•Monosaccharide•Disaccharides formed by adding two monosaccharide together– -OH HO- → -O- + H2O – Condensation reaction, dehydration synthesis – Reversal is called hydrolysis - Disaccharides: sucrose (=glucose + fructose)Important disaccharides• Sucrose – Table sugar, beet sugar, cane sugar – Primary transport sugar in plants • Maltose (basic of brewing beer)– Two glucoses (G2)– Product of starch (a lot of glucose) hydolysis – Made by starting grains (eg barley) toward germination • Lactose–Glucose plus galactose, important in milk –People often lose the enzyme needed to hydrolyze lactose, said to be lactose-intolerantIf you polymerize more than 2 you get Important polysaccharides•Glycogen (energy storage for animals)–Glucose based–Irregular branching pattern•Starch (energy storage for plants)–Regular branching pattern•Other examples:–Cellulose: polymer of B-glucose. Plant cell walls, bacteria makes cellulose–Chitin: Insect exoskeleton, fungi makes chitin in their exterior, etcLipids•A class of compounds defined by (chemical and physical)