Katheryn Russell: a professor of law and director of the Center for the Study of Race and Race Relations at University of Florida's Fredric G. Levin College of Law. Her main areas of expertise are race and crime, sociology of law and criminal law.Nullum crimen sine lege, nulla poena sine lege: No crime, no punishment without a previous penal lawPOSC 130g 1st EditionFinal Exam Study GuideProvocation: defense; used by jealous husbands to kill their wives, only people by the dominance culture can use a defense that’s theoretically available to everyone; forced to react in a certain manner because of circumstances M’Naghten rule: A test applied to determine whether a person accused of a crime was sane at the time of its commission and, therefore, criminally responsible for the wrongdoing.Thomas Kuhn: famous work on the structure of scientific revolution which show there are paradigms in which a paradigm will replace another; nature of revolution shiftseugenics: Refers to approach that there should only be the best parents, eliminate those that aren’t adequate. Definition: the science of improving the qualities of a breed or species, especially of the human race by careful selection of parents1. Positive eugenics- trying to get people to marry to produce the most beneficial offspring, socially beneficial traits to take this into account when they choose the mate. What would constitute desirable traits? Prime Minister in Singapore promised tax breaksand guaranteed places in child care to women to have children who have the socially desirable traits. 2. Negative eugenics- Prevent people from having children; efforts to eradicate the socially unacceptable germ plasms, it consists of controls on breeding. The most human means of preventing the reproduction of those that are deemed less. One form of eugenics is extermination- use of eugenics in Germany, basis for death camps. The legal restriction on marriage: people who were criminals, epileptic, or feeble couldn’t get married. There were restrictions on immigration in which certain countries were thought to have poor germ plasm, you don’t let people come in from those countries. Another restriction designed to deal with eugenics is higher taxation to prevent the inferior person from surviving through wealth. Also, prohibition that germ plasm was damaged through alcohol. The main program: Separate feeble-minded people during their reproductive years so they couldn’t have children. People were to be institutionalized to prevent themfrom reproducing, feeble minded people were put in institutions. Another approach thatwas seen to be more efficient was compulsory sterilization, people wouldn’t be reproduced. Some people objected to this as they thought it represented an assault on human dignity. Before 1900, there wasn’t a lot of support for surgical sterilization but when new techniques that developed and became more widespread, they were less problematic and cheaper and more efficient. People began to advocate for this, as Margaret Stinger thought that sterilization would lower taxes.Francis Galton: Francis Galton- coined the term eugenics, important figure, began to use rudimentary statistics to study family trees of famous individuals, 80 pairs of twins, data he gathered convinced him many physical and mental traits were hereditary. The science that dealswith all influences that the improved qualities of the race developed those to the utmost advances. The father of Eugenics- Gallton used statistics to study family trees, twins, etc. His data showed that biological physiological traits were hereditary. In effect, we could control breeding to pass on the best genes. Social Darwinism: “survival of the fittest”, Darwin’s work provided a framework. Charles Davenport: American movement on the campaign for eugenics. This movement was that certain traits like intelligence, morality, virtue, etc were based on someone’s genetic orientation. People who were feeble minded were inadequate and couldn’t support themselves.Professor of Zoology and leader of American campaign of Eugenics He believed that characteristics like morality and virtue were passed genetically. Feeble mindedness also was passed down. His ideas and work were directly connected to the 60,000 sterilization across the US and influenced Hitler’s policies on eugenics. Simon-Binet tests: Simon- Binet IQ tests, provided a way to measure people’s intelligence, no one resisted this idea. Mismeasures of man and family to show that some people were inferior and evil. These ideas took root and American social thinking subscribed to this and social reformers combined hereditary viewpoint with plan of social action. They found high rates of feeble minded, 88% of prostitutes had a mental age below 11, prisoners had a high percentage, 2/3 of those in the military had a mental age of 12 or under. These statistics would indicate a social bias but the tests weren’t called into the questions. Americans were worried that there was a danger from the feeble minded to the hereditary system. As scientists began to look into eugenics, there began to be questions about the validity and some of the questions that arose were the studies that scientists were studying weren’t consistent with the claims were. most of the eugenicist were not trained in genetics, only 10% of advisory council were eugenicist. They used this science to show crusade. Third problem was that progressives began to realize that these people were promoting policies against the progressive ideas. Society was being put ahead of individual rights in order to save the collective biological heritage of the community. The fourth problem was the racist use of the tests. The tests were used for racial groups, Southern Europe were inferior, they used these claims to try to justify racist policies.Buck v. Bell: Deals with a sterilization- rendered and unable to have children without their informed consent . It upheld the states right to sterilize people without their consent. These people were feeble-minded people. “Three generations of imbeciles are enough”.Virginia law that allowed mental institutions to sterilize inmates if they had a hereditary form of insanity- feeble minded. Scientists believed in the early 19th century that if they could sterilize defective people, society would be able to get rid of their kind. The sterilization of people considered a human solution by the majority. Carrie Buck had