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MDC BSC 2010 - The Chemical Context of Life

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Chapter 2Overview: Chemical Foundations of BiologySlide 3Concept 2.1: Matter consists of chemical elements in pure form and in combinations called compoundsElements and CompoundsLE 2-2Essential Elements of LifeSlide 8LE 2-3Concept 2.2: An element’s properties depend on the structure of its atomsSubatomic ParticlesLE 2-4Atomic Number and Atomic MassIsotopesSlide 15LE 2-5aLE 2-5cLE 2-6The Energy Levels of ElectronsLE 2-7aLE 2-7bElectron Configuration and Chemical PropertiesLE 2-8Slide 24Electron OrbitalsLE 2-9Concept 2.3: The formation and function of molecules depend on chemical bonding between atomsCovalent BondsLE 2-10Slide 30Slide 31LE 2-11bLE 2-11cLE 2-11dSlide 35Slide 36LE 2-12Ionic BondsSlide 39LE 2-13Slide 41LE 2-14Weak Chemical BondsHydrogen BondsLE 2-15Van der Waals InteractionsSlide 47Molecular Shape and FunctionLE 2-16aLE 2-16bSlide 51LE 2-17aLE 2-17bConcept 2.4: Chemical reactions make and break chemical bondsLE 2-UN44Slide 56Slide 57Slide 58Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin CummingsPowerPoint Lectures for Biology, Seventh EditionNeil Campbell and Jane ReeceLectures by Chris RomeroChapter 2Chapter 2The Chemical Context of LifeCopyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin CummingsOverview: Chemical Foundations of Biology•Biology is a multidisciplinary science•Living organisms are subject to basic laws of physics and chemistry•One example is the bombardier beetle, which uses chemistry to defend itselfCopyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin CummingsCopyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin CummingsConcept 2.1: Matter consists of chemical elements in pure form and in combinations called compounds•Organisms are composed of matter•Matter is anything that takes up space and has mass•Matter is made up of elementsCopyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin CummingsElements and Compounds•An element is a substance that cannot be broken down to other substances by chemical reactions•A compound is a substance consisting of two or more elements in a fixed ratioLE 2-2LE 2-2Sodium Chlorine Sodium chlorideCopyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin CummingsEssential Elements of Life•About 25 of the 92 elements are essential to life•Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen make up 96% of living matter•Most of the remaining 4% consists of calcium, phosphorus, potassium, and sulfur•Trace elements are those required by an organism in minute quantitiesCopyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin CummingsLE 2-3LE 2-3Nitrogen deficiency Iodine deficiencyCopyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin CummingsConcept 2.2: An element’s propertiesdepend on the structure of its atoms•Each element consists of unique atoms•An atom is the smallest unit of matter that still retains the properties of an elementCopyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin CummingsSubatomic Particles•Atoms are composed of subatomic particles•Relevant subatomic particles include:–Neutrons (no electrical charge)–Protons (positive charge)–Electrons (negative charge)•Neutrons and protons form the atomic nucleus•Electrons form a cloud around the nucleusLE 2-4LE 2-4NucleusElectronsCloud of negativecharge (2 electrons)Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin CummingsAtomic Number and Atomic Mass•Atoms of the various elements differ in number of subatomic particles•An element’s atomic number is the number of protons•An element’s mass number is the sum of protons plus neutrons in the nucleus •Atomic mass, the atom’s total mass, can be approximated by the mass numberCopyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin CummingsIsotopes•Atoms of an element have the same number of protons but may differ in number of neutrons•Isotopes are two atoms of an element that differ in number of neutrons•Most isotopes are stable, but some are radioactive, giving off particles and energyCopyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings•Some applications of radioactive isotopes:–Dating fossils–Tracing atoms through metabolic processes–Diagnosing medical disorders–Treatment of cancerLE 2-5aLE 2-5aIngredients includingradioactive tracer(bright blue)IncubatorsHuman cellsDNA (old and new)1 2 34 5 67 8 910°C25°C40°C15°C30°C45°C20°C35°C50°CTECHNIQUELE 2-5cLE 2-5cOptimumtemperaturefor DNAsynthesisRESULTSCounts per minute(x 1,000)302010010 20 30 40 50Temperature (°C)LE 2-6LE 2-6CancerousthroattissueCopyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin CummingsThe Energy Levels of Electrons•Energy is the capacity to cause change or do work•Potential energy is the energy that matter has because of its location•The electrons of an atom differ in their amounts of potential energy•An electron’s state of potential energy is called its energy level, or electron shellLE 2-7aLE 2-7aA ball bouncing down a flightof stairs provides an analogy forenergy levels of electrons.LE 2-7bLE 2-7bThird energy level (shell)Second energy level (shell)First energy level (shell)AtomicnucleusEnergyabsorbedEnergylostCopyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin CummingsElectron Configuration and Chemical Properties•The chemical behavior of an atom is determined by the distribution of electrons in electron shells•The periodic table of the elements shows the electron distribution for each elementLE 2-8LE 2-8FirstshellHydrogen1HLithium3LiSecondshellThirdshellSodium11NaBeryllium4BeMagnesium12MgBoron5BAluminum12AlSilicon14SiCarbon6CNitrogen7NPhosphorus15POxygen8OSulfur16SChlorine17ClFluorine9FNeon10NeArgon18ArHelium2HeAtomic numberElement symbolElectron-shelldiagramAtomic mass2He4.00Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings•Valence electrons are those in the outermost shell, or valence shell•The chemical behavior of an atom is mostly determined by the valence electronsCopyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin CummingsElectron Orbitals•An orbital is the three-dimensional space where an electron is found 90% of the time•Each electron shell consists of a specific number of orbitalsLE 2-9LE 2-9ElectronorbitalsElectron-shelldiagrams1s orbital 2s orbital Three 2p orbitals 1s, 2s, and 2p orbitalsFirst shell(maximum2 electrons)Second shell(maximum8


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