Main ThemesLong Term Causes of the Industrial RevolutionPhase I of IR (1750–1850)Phase II (1850–1900)Phase III (1900 to World War II)Phase IV (World War II to Present)Industrial Societies TodaySoci111 – Human SocietiesModule 13 – Industrial RevolutionFrançois NielsenUniversity of North CarolinaChapel HillOctober 23, 2014OutlineMain ThemesLong Term Causes of the Industrial RevolutionPhase I of IR (1750–1850)Phase II (1850–1900)Phase III (1900 to World War II)Phase IV (World War II to Present)Industrial Societies TodayMain ThemesIlong term causes of the Industrial Revolution (IR), i.e.why did IR took place when and where it did?Ifour phases of the IR from 1750 to todayIhow development of distillation technology in Franceillustrates several features of the IRIhow to measure level of industrialization and identifyindustrial societies todayIndustrial RevolutionLong Term Causes of Industrial RevolutionIIndustrial Revolution (IR) began about 1750 in EnglandIprincipal cause of IR is store of technologicalinformation accumulated in latter part of agrarian era,particularly in two areas1. advances in navigation & shipbuilding2. printing press & metal mobile type (lead, tin, antimony)by Johann Gutenberg, Germany 1445 (clay mobile typeinvented by Bi Sheng, China 1041–1048 AD)Itechnological advances lead to IR through long chain ofcauses & consequences e.g.Idiscovery of New World → more gold & silver → inflation→ rise of entrepreneurs. . .Ispread of knowledge → success of ProtestantReformation. . .Industrial RevolutionLong Term Causes of Industrial Revolution – Model of IRIndustrial RevolutionLong Term Causes of Industrial Revolution – Advance in ShipbuildingIndustrial RevolutionLong Term Causes of Industrial Revolution – Printing PressIearly depiction ofprinting pressIorigin of uppercase &lowercase?Iskeletons reflectfatalism &preoccupation withdeath typical of MiddleAgesIe.g. Name of the Roseby Umberto Ecco(movie with SeanConnery)Industrial RevolutionLong Term Causes of Industrial Revolution – Precious Metals & InflationIndustrial RevolutionLong Term Causes of Industrial Revolution – Protestant EthicIGerman sociologist Max Weber suggests in ProtestantEthic and the Spirit of Capitalism that the ethic ofascetic (Calvinist) Protestantism directly facilitated theIRIWeber’s thesis controversial becauseIregions first industrialized after England (Belgium,northern & eastern France, western Germany) arelargely CatholicIcausality may be the other way around, i.e. technicalprogress that led to IR also favored spread of rationalism& success of the Protestant ReformationIndustrial RevolutionLong Term Causes of Industrial Revolution – Review QuestionsIQ – Why was the discovery of the New World importantin preparing the way for the IR?IQ – What was the single most important cause of the IR?IQ – The IR began about what date?IQ – What did Max Weber say about the relationshipbetween the Protestant Reformation and the IR?Industrial RevolutionPhase I (1750–1850) – Putting Out or Cottage Industry SystemIndustrial RevolutionPhase I (1750–1850) – Emergence of FactoriesThe IR begins in textile industry:Iinnovation in spinning (e.g. Spinning Jenny) →innovation in weaving (e.g. flying shuttle), andvice-versa (positive feedback)I→ machines become heavierI→ extra power neededI→ use of watermill, then steam engineI→ need to concentrate production near power source +machines too expensive to be owned by workersI→ emergence of factory system (eventually replacesputting out system)I→ profound social transformations. . . (next slide)Industrial RevolutionPhase I (1750–1850) – Immediate Consequences of IREmergence and growth of the factory system entailed:I→ urban influxI→ crowdingI→ social problems on unprecedented scaleI→ industrial pollutionI→ young children put to work in factories . . .It is probable that in the early stages of IR living conditionsdeteriorated for large parts of population (although this iscontroversial among historians).Industrial RevolutionPhase I (1750–1850) – Work by Children in NC Textile MillIndustrial RevolutionPhase I (1750–1850) – English Industrial TownIndustrial RevolutionPhase I (1750–1850) – History of Distillation in French Book on IndustrialTechnologyIThe next series of slidescomes from the bookMarvels of Industry byLouis Figuier published1873–1876 (4 volumes)IThe title illustrates thepositivist attitude towardindustrial progressIThe history of distillationtechnology illustratesseveral typical features ofPhase I of IRIndustrial RevolutionPhase I (1750–1850) – Evolution of Distillation: Middle Ages StillIndustrial RevolutionPhase I (1750–1850) – Evolution of Distillation: Early Wine Still (Check CondenserIndustrial RevolutionPhase I (1750–1850) – Evolution of Distillation: Chaptal Standard StillIndustrial RevolutionPhase I (1750–1850) – Evolution of Distillation: Logic of Industrial ProgressIIn 1780 industrialist Chaptal adopted a standard modelof still for the distillation of wine.IAfter 1780 distillation technology evolved in search oftwo major goals.1. A one-pass process yielding any degree of purity (proof).2. A continuous (rather than batch) process.IOther minor goals were also achieved.1. Elimination of “fire-taste” (by the use of overheatedsteam instead of naked fire).2. Greater fuel economy.3. Improved safety (reduced risk of explosion).Industrial RevolutionPhase I (1750–1850) – Evolution of Distillation: Woolf Laboratory DeviceIndustrial RevolutionPhase I (1750–1850) – Evolution of Distillation: Edouard Adams Device, IndustryFollows ScienceIndustrial RevolutionPhase I (1750–1850) – Evolution of Distillation: Isaac Bérard, Prototypical IR HeroIndustrial RevolutionPhase I (1750–1850) – Evolution of Distillation: Isaac Bérard’s DeviceIBérard’sdevice is aseffective,cheaper andsafer thanAdam’sdeviceIcan be justadded asupgrade tostandardChaptal stillIndustrial RevolutionPhase I (1750–1850) – Evolution of Distillation: Detail of Bérard CylinderIndustrial RevolutionPhase I (1750–1850) – Derosne & Cail Device of 1825Iin later technologicaldevelopments Berard’scylinder goes fromhorizontal to verticalIndustrial RevolutionPhase I (1750–1850) – Evolution of Distillation: Details of Distillation ColumnIndustrial RevolutionPhase I (1750–1850) – Evolution of Distillation: Désiré Savalle DeviceIa later model ofdistillation column,evolving