Thinking and Emotions- Decision making and emotions go hand in hand. Patient couldn’t make up their mind. Man who suffered stroke- He produces it but is unaware of it. He doesn’t know he’s feeling this way (Amygdala). (This is an example of Case studies)Researchers want to understand the decision-making behaviors of certain individuals with amygdala damage. What goal of psychology does this represent? Description- What’s going on, observing. (correct answer) Explanation- why is something happeningPrediction-circumstancesInfluence- providing other resources Emotions- immediate responses specific to environmental events.EX: feeling happy when your BFF surprises youHow are emotions adaptive?Influences decisions and behaviorsSocial communication- strengthen interpersonal relationships When you talk to a friend and their eyes get sad, you can gage your own behaviors and think maybe I’m making them sad. Guilt-social emotion discourages us from doing something that will harm our social relationships. Helps us from breaking social bonds. Components of Emotion: 1) Subjective experience- we know we are experiencing emotions because we feel them. Primary emotions- fast acting, most immediate reaction. universal emotionsAdaptive-provide us information in general and help us get ready with appropriate decisions and behaviors. Shared across culturesEX: happiness, sadness, anger A. Subjective ExperiencesSecondary emotions- often in response to a primary emotion.EX: guilt, anticipation. 2) Physical Changes (Physiological Arousal)James- Lange Theory- Perceive bodily responses feel emotion Stimulus: a threatening grizzly bear approaching Arousal: heart pounding, trembling, sweating, running away Emotion: fear Emotion comes about because of some kind of physical change like a facial expression. Facial Feedback HypothesisFacial expression feel emotion Cannon-Bard TheoryPhysical reaction and emotion occur simultaneously.Stimulus: a threatening grizzly bear approaching Arousal: heard pounding, trembling, sweating, running awayEmotion: fear*Arousal and emotion come at the same time. Stimulus produces arousal and emotion. 3) Cognitive AppraisalsSchachter-Singer Two-Factor TheoryPhysical reactionapply cognitive label feel emotionStimulus: a threatening grizzly bear approachingArousal: heart pounding, trembling..Cognitive label: ”That is one scary bear! I’m afraid of it!” Emotion: fear *Emotion is result of you labeling arousal Participants were injected with a stimulant:Informed: Told that drug may make them feel shaky, heart rate2 groups: Euphoric and Angry Angry: you were told this would be a side effect Uninformed: were not told anything about the drug’s effectsEuphoric and Angry Euphoric: You had no idea why you were feeling symptoms. You attribute it to your environment, trying to explain your physiological symptoms. Angry: didn’t know what to label symptoms to. *Two factor theory: We need to label our emotions, attribute symptoms to the stimulus or something in environment. These feelings of arousal need to be cognitively labeled, attributed to something like the environment. Imagine you are in the forest and come across a saber toothed tiger! Which of the following explanations best represents the James-Lange theory of emotion? –Emotion is result of bodily function. Emotion is experienced because of physiologicalexperience. I’m afraid because I am shaking. A. I feel afraid because I’m shaking (correct answer) B. I’m shaking because I feel afraidC. I’m shaking and there is a giant (extinct) tiger growling in front of me. So, I’m totally afraid of the tiger!D. I’m simultaneously shaking and afraid.Jason and Cora are riding on a roller coaster, which is producing high levels of arousal. They attribute their aroused state to romantic feelings for each other, which is associated with the cognitive appraisals component of emotion. a. Physical changes- arousal heart racing, sweatiness, physiological bodily experiencesb. Subjective experiences- feels things because we are aware of.c. Cognitive appraisals- labeling, attributing physiological symptoms to something in environment According to the Schachter-Singer two-factor theory of emotion, we experience emotion through: A. Simultaneous physical arousal and cognitive interpretationB. The subjective experience of emotion followed by the physiological responseC. Physical arousal followed by cognitive interpretation-we experience emotion because we have physiological reaction followed by cognitive labeling. D. A bodily response followed by the subjective experience of emotionWhat is motivation?Factors that: Energize behaviors- Cause you to do something Direct behaviors-Guide toward satisfying goals or needs Sustains behaviors-keep doing a behavior to satisfy the goal or needs Drives: Arise from needs and arouse us to actionIncentives-external objects, rather than internal states that motivate behaviors. Getting a good grade on an exam is an incentive for studying hard. Hungerand thirst, money, good grades. -Extrinsic vs. Intrinsic MotivationExtrinsic: Motivation to do something because of some external reward. We’re only studying just to get that letter grade. Most activities that people do are extrinsic. Do a job to get paid. Doing chores for allowance. Intrinsic: Motivation to do something for their own sake, rather than for an external purpose. Here in college purely because you want to learn, enjoyment of activity. Offering extrinsic rewards is thought to undermine intrinsic motivation! Lepper, Greene, & Nisbett, 1973Kids drawing task:Extrinsically motivated: You can expect a “Good Player Award.” During free play, they spent significantly less time and were less interested in playing with the markers. They were getting used to being paid for drawing. Unexpectedly Rewarded: After drawing, given a reward.Intrinsically Motivated: Did not get a reward or led to believe they would get a reward Self-perception theory: Extrinsic rewards give people an explanation for why they engaged in an activity…but when no external explanation can be found, they conclude that they simply like the activity. Dan Pink: Motivation What is the independent variable (variable experimenter manipulates) in the experiment that Dan Pink just described?A. Time it took to solve the candle problem –dependent variable B. Type of solutions offered for the candle problemC. Whether a reward was given-what was manipulated by