Thinking and Emotions Decision making and emotions go hand in hand Patient couldn t make up their mind Man who suffered stroke He produces it but is unaware of it He doesn t know he s feeling this way Amygdala This is an example of Case studies Researchers want to understand the decision making behaviors of certain individuals with amygdala damage What goal of psychology does this represent Description What s going on observing correct answer Explanation why is something happening Prediction circumstances Influence providing other resources Emotions immediate responses specific to environmental events EX feeling happy when your BFF surprises you How are emotions adaptive Influences decisions and behaviors Social communication strengthen interpersonal relationships When you talk to a friend and their eyes get sad you can gage your own behaviors and think maybe I m making them sad Guilt social emotion discourages us from doing something that will harm our social relationships Helps us from breaking social bonds Components of Emotion 1 Subjective experience we know we are experiencing emotions because we feel them Primary emotions fast acting most immediate reaction universal emotions Adaptive provide us information in general and help us get ready with appropriate decisions and behaviors Shared across cultures EX happiness sadness anger A Subjective Experiences Secondary emotions often in response to a primary emotion EX guilt anticipation 2 Physical Changes Physiological Arousal James Lange Theory Perceive bodily responses feel emotion Stimulus a threatening grizzly bear approaching Arousal heart pounding trembling sweating running away Emotion fear Emotion comes about because of some kind of physical change like a facial expression Facial Feedback Hypothesis Facial expression feel emotion Cannon Bard Theory Physical reaction and emotion occur simultaneously Stimulus a threatening grizzly bear approaching Arousal heard pounding trembling sweating running away Emotion fear Arousal and emotion come at the same time Stimulus produces arousal and emotion 3 Cognitive Appraisals Schachter Singer Two Factor Theory Physical reaction apply cognitive label feel emotion Stimulus a threatening grizzly bear approaching Arousal heart pounding trembling Cognitive label That is one scary bear I m afraid of it Emotion fear Emotion is result of you labeling arousal Participants were injected with a stimulant Informed Told that drug may make them feel shaky heart rate 2 groups Euphoric and Angry Angry you were told this would be a side effect Uninformed were not told anything about the drug s effects Euphoric and Angry Euphoric You had no idea why you were feeling symptoms You attribute it to your environment trying to explain your physiological symptoms Angry didn t know what to label symptoms to Two factor theory We need to label our emotions attribute symptoms to the stimulus or something in environment These feelings of arousal need to be cognitively labeled attributed to something like the environment Imagine you are in the forest and come across a saber toothed tiger Which of the following explanations best represents the James Lange theory of emotion Emotion is result of bodily function Emotion is experienced because of physiological experience I m afraid because I am shaking A I feel afraid because I m shaking correct answer B I m shaking because I feel afraid C I m shaking and there is a giant extinct tiger growling in front of me So I m totally afraid of the tiger D I m simultaneously shaking and afraid Jason and Cora are riding on a roller coaster which is producing high levels of arousal They attribute their aroused state to romantic feelings for each other which is associated with the cognitive appraisals component of emotion a Physical changes arousal heart racing sweatiness physiological bodily experiences b Subjective experiences feels things because we are aware of c Cognitive appraisals labeling attributing physiological symptoms to something in environment According to the Schachter Singer two factor theory of emotion we experience emotion through A Simultaneous physical arousal and cognitive interpretation B The subjective experience of emotion followed by the physiological response C Physical arousal followed by cognitive interpretation we experience emotion because we have physiological reaction followed by cognitive labeling D A bodily response followed by the subjective experience of emotion What is motivation Factors that Energize behaviors Cause you to do something Direct behaviors Guide toward satisfying goals or needs Sustains behaviors keep doing a behavior to satisfy the goal or needs Drives Arise from needs and arouse us to action Incentives external objects rather than internal states that motivate behaviors Getting a good grade on an exam is an incentive for studying hard Hunger and thirst money good grades Extrinsic vs Intrinsic Motivation Extrinsic Motivation to do something because of some external reward We re only studying just to get that letter grade Most activities that people do are extrinsic Do a job to get paid Doing chores for allowance Intrinsic Motivation to do something for their own sake rather than for an external purpose Here in college purely because you want to learn enjoyment of activity Offering extrinsic rewards is thought to undermine intrinsic motivation Lepper Greene Nisbett 1973 Kids drawing task Extrinsically motivated You can expect a Good Player Award During free play they spent significantly less time and were less interested in playing with the markers They were getting used to being paid for drawing Unexpectedly Rewarded After drawing given a reward Intrinsically Motivated Did not get a reward or led to believe they would get a reward Self perception theory Extrinsic rewards give people an explanation for why they engaged in an activity but when no external explanation can be found they conclude that they simply like the activity Dan Pink Motivation What is the independent variable variable experimenter manipulates in the experiment that Dan Pink just described A Time it took to solve the candle problem dependent variable B Type of solutions offered for the candle problem C Whether a reward was given what was manipulated by researcher D Gender of the participant Rewards lead to faster solutions and focuses attention but in that study people took longer When we are trying to solve creative problems it narrows focus so much that it