ZOO 2060 Study questions for chapters 13 14 and 16 Spring 2013 1 Explain the Rate of Living hypothesis for why organisms age and die What evidence seems to contradict it How do data about telomere shortening and p53 serve to keep the hypothesis alive 2 Explain the evolutionary theory of aging Describe a theoretical model that shows how a mutation that reduces lifespan can be maintained in a population 3 Describe the evidence for how a mutation that results in a longer lifespan may result in lower lifetime reproductive success 4 Describe Lack s hypothesis for how many offspring organisms should produce in a season How would you calculate an optimal clutch size for a single reproductive season Explain how reproductive data from great tits support or not support his hypothesis 5 Describe and explain the evidence for why some parasitoid wasps do not conform to Lack s hypothesis 6 Describe the general relationship between number and size of offspring and why the relationship exists What is generally the optimal relationship between offspring number and size 7 Describe and explain the data for offspring size number and survival for salmon Why have hatchery reared salmon apparently evolved smaller egg sizes 8 How do the egg sizes of seed beetles differ in relation to the host seed quality and describe the apparent reason for the relationship Discuss the experimental evidence that supports your description 9 Describe the evidence regarding the hypothesis that the human immune response causes selection for evolution of different strains of the influenza A virus i e selection for mutations in antigenic sites 10 Describe the evidence that antibiotics can cause the evolution of antibiotic resistance within individual hosts What is the evidence that antibiotic resistance can be managed 11 Describe the evidence that in the short term antibiotic resistance may come at a cost to bacteria but in the long term those costs may be diminished ZOO 206 Study questions for Chapters 13 14 and 16 Spring 2013 12 Explain the three models for virulence in pathogens Be able to explain and example for each model and relate it to natural selection What are the predictions for the Trade Off hypothesis for virulence and discuss the evidence that supports it 13 Distinguish between horizontal and vertical transmission of pathogens Describe the experiment with the phage f1 that tested how the two types of transmission cause differences in virulence 14 Describe the evidence for interspecific transmission of breast cancerinducing viral infections between mice and humans 15 Distinguish among the several definitions of species biological species phylogenetic species and morphospecies concepts What are the strengths and weaknesses of each definition 16 Describe the evidence that suggests the broadly distributed marine copepod Eurytemora affinis is actually eight cryptic species 17 Describe how the hypothesized mechanisms of allopatric and sympatric speciation occur and give examples from Hawaiian Drosophila and snapping shrimp that live on either side of the Isthmus of Panama Include discussion and describe examples of how genetic drift natural selection and sexual selection may have served as agents for genetic divergence among populations END OF MATERIAL FOR EXAM THREE 18 Describe pre zygotic and post zygotic isolating mechanisms for sympatric and allopatric species Give evidence from Drosophila species about how the extent of pre zygotic isolation is related to genetic distance 19 Describe hybrid zones and discuss how sage brush hybrid zones can be maintained due to habitat differences related to elevation 20 Describe how pea aphids living on alfalfa or red clover appear to be incipient species