BISC 307L 1st Edition Final Exam Study Guide I BLOOD 1 What components make up blood 1 42 Red blood cells Hematocrit 2 1 White Blood Cells 3 50 Plasma o Na K Ca2 H proteins clotting proteins fibrinogen 2 What are the 7 types of blood leukocytes 1 B cells 2 T cells 3 Monocytes tissue or blood 4 Macrophages mature monocytes tissue or blood 5 Neutrophils 6 Easinophils 7 Basophils 3 Explain hematopoesis what are the cytokines involved and what is being produced Cytokines 3 types o 1 EPO kidney erythrocytes lifespan 90 120 days o 2 TPO megakaryocytes and platelets o 3 Colony stimulating factors interleukins all cell types Fetal life in red bone marrow prevalent adulthood only in femur pelvis and ribs Neutrophils produced at highest rate because have shortest life span Pluripotent hematopoetic stem cells uncommitted stem cells fully committed progenitor cells no longer stem 4 What are the basic steps of hemostasis or blood clotting be able to explain all 1 Vasoconstriction triggered by damage of smooth muscle cells 2 Platelet Plug formation collagen and tissue facto contact platelets and initiate clotting nitric oxide produced in healthy tissue prevents this from happening on a regular basis 3 Coagulation refer to coagulation cascade diagram 4 Tissue Repair 5 Thrombolysis removing clot 5 What are the 3 things that platelets secrete when clotting 1 Platelet activating factor PAF 2 Serotonin vasoconstriction 3 ADP 6 What role would aspirin play in this Inhibits the enzyme that produces thromboxane A2 Prevents coagulation cascadeinhibits clotting II LYMPHATIC SYSTEM AND INNATE IMMUNITY 1 What are the main distinguishing factors between innate and acquired immunity Innate non specific inherited rapid no memory Acquired specific adaptive slower memory 2 Explain the role of the spleen in the lymphatic system where the blood is cleaned Has two types of tissues 1 Red pulp has macrophages and surround sinuses 2 White pulp lymphocytes 3 What are some other lymphoid tissues 1 The red bone marrow 2 Gut associated lymphoid tissue GALT small intestine 3 Tonsils and adenoids 4 Thymus gland where T cells mature 4 What are our innate barrier defenses 1 Skin 2 Other Epithelia nasopharynx respiratory tract digestive tract urinary tract genital tract 3 Mucus has lysozyme and IgA cilia 4 Normal Flora 5 Which immune cells are part of our innate cellular defences Basophils and mast cells neutrophils eosinophils monocytes and macrophages dendritic cells don t leave tissue 6 Which immune cells are considered phagocytes Neutrophils eosinophils for parasites monocytes and macrophages 7 Which immune cells are considered granulocytes Basophils and mast cells neutrophils easinophils 8 Name some organ specific phagocytes Microglia in brain Kupffer cells in liver fixed phagocytes in spleen and lymph nodes 9 Name some of the innate chemical defenses 1 Lysozyme in mucus and secretions attack bacterial walls 2 IgA in mucus 3 Gastrointestinal tract gastric acid and protease bile salts 4 Urinary tract acidic urine 5 Cytokines hormones of immune system communicate at distance 6 Chemokines type of cytokine that attract 7 Interleukin 1 B cytokine that binds to thermoregulation receptors 8 Complement complexes that let water in to kill cell enhanced by antibodies 9 Interferons alpha beta gamma slow viral replication 10 What are the main mechanisms that inflammation involve Degranulation exocytosis of mast cells and basophils contents o 1 Histamine makes capillaries more leaky o 2 Heparin anticoagulant o 3 Cytokines attract phagocytes o 4 Leukotrienes o 5 Prostaglandins More blood to area more oxygen leukocytes attack bacteria stimulate immune response III ACQUIRED IMMUNITY OVERVIEW 1 What exactly is it that evokes an immune response Epitopes on an antigen 2 Give a brief overview of lymphocyte function using the diagram from the slides 1 B Cells o Effector cells plasma cells that secrete antibodies and act in ECF o Memory cells 2 Helper T cells o Effector cells active T cells which secrete cytokines o Memory T cells 3 Cytotoxic T cells o Effector cells Active CTLs which attack and kill virus infected cells or cancerous cells o Memory CTLs 3 What is the difference between B cells and T cells in binding to the antigen B cells can directly bind to the antigen whereas T cells must be presented with antigen by other cells Helper T dendritic macrophages B cells and CTLs targeted cell itself presents antigen 4 What are the 4 functions of antibodies 1 Complement Fixation o lysis of foreign cell enhanced by presence of AB 2 Opsonization enhances phagocytosis o neutralization where AB bound to surface of cell interfere with function of bacteria 3 Agglutination enhances phagocytosis o antibodies polyvalent and results in clumping of bacteria 4 Precipitation enhances phagocytosis o AB crosslink and ppt the soluble AB making them more prone to phagocytosis 5 What do cytotoxic T cells need to carry out apoptosis Infected host cell secreted MHC class I as well as viral antigen and cytotoxic cell secretes a T cell receptor when they bind there is secretion of perforins and granzymes causing apoptosis IV MECHANISMS ACQUIRED IMMUNITY 1 What are the 6 classes of Immunoglobulins 1 IgGo most abundant in plasma 4 parts Fab Fc Y shape 2 IgD o B cell receptor with pink transmembrane region 3 IgM o first Ig secreted by B cells large cant leak out of capillaries switches to IgG with same specificity 4 IgG o from IgM leaks out of capillaries inflammation maternal antibody that crosses placenta confers passive immunity 5 IgE ALLERGIES o instead of switching to IgG IgM sometimes IgE abnormal parasitic worm infections 6 IgA o most abundant form for mucus secretions 2 What is the diversity of immunoglobulin genes numbers Light chain 200 different VJ combos Heavy chain 9600 different VJD combos Inaccurate recombination somatic mutations class switching sources of variability as well 3 What is the difference between an immediate and a delayed immune response First time exposure normal mild reaction become sensitized if secretes IgE instead of IgG bind Fc receptors on surface of mast cells and basophils IgE becomes mast cell receptor next exposure causes response in mast cell or basophil to degranulate and cause inflammation delayed response 4 Describe the condition of anaphylaxis and how it is treated Problem o Increase secretion from mucus membrane and broncoconstriction difficulty breathing o Vasodilation and increase capillary permeability low blood