An Intoduction to Carbon NanotubesFullerenesNanotube DiscoveryNanotube Discovery (MWNT)Nanotube Discovery (SWNT)Synthesis EnhancementSynthesis Enhancement cont.Properties: FoundationProperties: ElectronicProperties: Electronic cont.Properties: MechanicalApplicationsSlide 13Slide 14Slide 15ConclusionAn Intoduction to Carbon NanotubesBy: Shaun ArdPhysics 672FullerenesNobel Prize in Chemistry 1996 (Smalley, Kroto, Curl)Cage-like structures of CarbonComposed of honeycomb type lattices of hexagons and pentagonsImportant types include “Buckeyball” and NanotubesSussex Fullerene GalleryKohlenstoffnanoroehre AnimationNanotube DiscoveryCarbon filaments had long been known, but nanotube discovery credited to S. Iijima in 1991 Discovered by chance during investigation of fullerene productionY. Ando et al, Growing Carbon Nanotubes, Materials Today, Oct (2004) 22Nanotube Discovery (MWNT)S. Iijima, Helical microtubules of graphitic carbon, Nature (London) 354 (1991) 56Copyright Alain Rochefort Assistant Professor Engineering Physics Department, Nanostructure Group, Center for Research on Computation and its Applications (CERCA).Nanotube Discovery (SWNT) S. Iijima et al, Single-shell carbon nanotubes of 1-nm diameter, Nature (London) 363 (1993) 603 D.S. Bethune et al, Cobalt-catalysed growth of carbon nanotubes with single-atomic-layer walls, Nature (London) 363 (1993) 605Synthesis EnhancementLaser-Furnace methodHigh quality SWNTsDiameter controlNew materials- “peapods”Allows for study of formation dynamicsReprinted from Mater. Today, 7,Y.Ando, X. Zhao,T. Sugai, and M. Kumar,“Growing Carbon Nanotubes,” 22–29, Copyright 2004, with permission from Elsevier.Synthesis Enhancement cont.Catalytic Chemical Vapor DepositionAllows for growth of aligned nanotubesUse of a variety of substrates or surfacesEasily scaled up for increased productionFirstnano “EasyTube 3000”Properties: FoundationNanotubes are fully described by their chiral vectorCh = n â1 + m â2Important parametersdt = (3/)ac-c(m2 + mn + n2)1/2=tan-1(3n/(2m + n))Grouped according to Armchair: n=m, =30°Zigzag: n or m=0, =0°Chiral: 0°<30°A. Maiti, Caron Nanotubes: Band gap engineering with strain, Nature Materials 2 (2003) 440V. Popov, Carbon nanotubes: properties and applications, Materials Science and Engineering R 43 (2004) 61-102Properties: Electronic(5,5) (9,0) (10,0)V. Popov, Carbon nanotubes: properties and applications, Materials Science and Engineering R 43 (2004) 61-1021-D band structure calculated from 2-D graphene band structure using “zone folding” schemeEkμ= E2D(k*K2/|K2|+μK1)K1=(-t2b1+ t1b2)/ NK2=(mb1- nb2)/ NProperties: Electronic cont.Theory predicts nanotubes exhibit both metallic and semi-conducting behavior|n-m| evenly divisible by 3- metallicAll others semi-conducting with a band gap inversely proportional to the tube diameterT.W. Odomet al, Atomic Structure and Electronic Properties of Single-Walled Nanotubes, Nature (London) 391 (1998) 62Properties: MechanicalYoung’s Modulus On the order of 1 Tpa (steel ~200 GPa)No dependence on diameter for MWNTs but strong dependence for SWNTsJ. Salvetat, Elastic Modulus of Ordered and Disordered Multiwalled Carbon Nanotubes, Adv. Mater. 11 (1999) 161ApplicationsNano-WiresApplicationsTans et al, Room-temperature transistor based on a single carbon nanotube, Nature 393 (1998) Nano TransistorsApplicationsFrom IPN CNT groupField EmittersApplications UUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUMIT/Riccardo Signorelli J. Fischer, Matt Ray/EHP Charge Storage Lithium Ion Batteries Ultra CapacitorsConclusionNano
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