WORKED CITEDLaGuardia Community CollegeCity University of New YorkPractical Nursing ProgramClass: SCL 103Group PresentationBy Anaïse Ikama Joseph Charles Zoya PoltilovRosemarie Mayne Lavern Simms Kadian GreenCatherine Majorie Juna Lucas Majorie Johnson Disease: Anemia 0TABLE of CONTENTSI- Introduction. Definition of Anemia. Types of AnemiaII- Iron deficiency anemia.What is iron deficiency anemia. Etiology of iron deficiency anemia.Signs and symptoms.Treatment and preventionIII- Pernicious anemia.Definition of pernicious anemia. Etiology .Signs and symptoms.Treatment and preventionIV- Folic acid deficiency.Definition of folic acid deficiency. Etiology .Signs and symptoms.Treatment and preventionV- Aplastic anemia.Definition of aplastic anemia. Etiology .Signs and symptoms.Treatment and preventionVI- Hemolytic anemia.Definition of hemolytic anemia. Etiology .Signs and symptoms.Treatment and preventionVII- Sickle cell anemia.Definition of sickle cell anemia. Etiology .Signs and symptoms.Treatment and preventionVIII- Thalassemia.what is thalassemia. Etiology .Signs and symptoms.Treatment and preventionIX- Anemia of chronic diseaseX- Sideroblastic anemia1Anemia occurs when the amount of hemoglobin in the red blood cells drops below normallevel. To understand red blood cells and their role in anemia, it is useful to know certain facts about theblood. The Blood has two major components: Plasma: a clear yellow liquid that contains proteins,nutrients, hormones, electrolytes, and other substances, constituting about 55% of blood; white and redblood cells and platelets, which make up the rest of the blood. The white blood cells are the infectionfighters for the body, and platelets are necessary for blood clotting. The important factors in anemia,however, are red blood cells. The red Blood Cells (RBCs), also known as erythrocytes, are the mostabundant cells in our bodies that carry oxygen throughout the body to nourish tissues and sustain life.Each red blood cell contains between 200 and 300 hemoglobin molecules. Hemoglobin is a complexmolecule and the most important component of red blood cells. It is composed of protein and an iron-containing molecule called heme, which binds to oxygen in exchange for carbon dioxide in the lungs.Anemia is defined as a condition where the hemoglobin content of the blood is insufficient to satisfybodily needs. It is caused by decrease in circulating RBCs, but may also be caused by acceleratedhemolysis, side effects of medications, menstruation, and gastrointestinal bleeding (GI). Red blood cells are extremely small and look something like tiny, flexible inner tubes. This uniqueshape offers many advantages: It provides a large surface area to absorb oxygen and carbon dioxide. Itsflexibility allows it to squeeze through capillaries, the tiny blood vessels that join the arteries and veins.The actual process of making red blood cells is called erythropoiesis. In Greek, erythro means "red" andpoiesis means "the making of things. The process of manufacturing, recycling, and regulating the numberof red blood cells is complex and involves many parts of the body. The body carefully regulates itsproduction of red blood cells so that enough is manufactured to carry oxygen but not so many that theblood becomes thick or sticky (viscous). Most of the work of erythropoiesis occurs in the bone marrow. Inchildren younger than five years old, the marrow in all the bones of the body is enlisted for producing redblood cells. As a person ages, red blood cells are eventually produced only in the marrow of the spine,ribs, and pelvis. The life span of a red blood cell is between 90 and 120 days. Old red blood cells are2removed from the blood by the liver and spleen. There they are broken down and iron is returned to thebone marrow to make new cells. Anemia is caused by two major biological mechanisms: decreased redcell production resulting from: Hematopoietic cell damage from infection, drugs, radiation, and othersimilar agents; or an increased red blood cell loss due to destruction of red blood cells. What follows is adescription of the different types of anemia including: Iron-deficiency, vitamin B12 and folic deficiency,aplastic, hemolytic, sickle cell, thalassemia anemia with chronic disease and sideroblastic anemia. Iron deficiency anemia occurs when there is an inadequate production of red blood cells, and canbe caused by of conditions such as chronic blood loss, which is the major cause of iron deficiency anemiain adults. This is most commonly occur from internal blood loss due to conditions that range in severityfrom hemorrhoids, heavy menstruation, bleeding gastrointestinal lesions, carcinoma of the colon in theUnited States, or hookworm disease in less developed countries. Dietary deficiency is another cause,which is rare except in infants; because human milk is low in iron, therefore newborn storage iron isdepleted within the first 6 months, and so dietary supplement are given. Pica, a craving for non-foodsubstances such as ice, starch, or clay, is another possible cause of iron deficiency because it interfereswith iron absorption in the stomach. Some people are born with iron deficiency; certain of these cases may be due to a mutation of theNramp2 gene, which regulates a protein responsible for delivering iron to the cells. Clinicalmanifestations of iron deficiency anemia may include pallor, fatigue, or dyspnea on exertion. Laboratoryfindings of iron deficiency anemia include decreased hemoglobin, hematocrit, and red blood cell count.This makes iron deficiency anemia distinguished from other causes of anemia. Iron deficiency anemiacan be prevented by following the recommended diet for food high in iron such as beef liver, eggs, iron-fortified food, kidney beans and whole grain.3Pernicious anemia is a type of megaloblastic anemia. Megaloblastic anemia is defined bylarge, abnormal-appearing erythoird precursor cells in the bone marrow, which is caused bydeficiency of vitamin B12 or folate. Pernicious anemia is caused by a lack of intrinsic factor, which isa substance, needed to absorb vitamin B-12 from the gastrointestinal tract, which is necessary for theformation of red blood cells. When stomach secretions do not have enough intrinsic factor, vitamin B-12is not completely absorbed. This result in