Prof. Greg Francis1PSY 310: Sensory and Perceptual ProcessesPurdue UniversityNeural circuitsPSY 310Greg FrancisLecture 05Why do you need bright light to read?Purdue UniversityRods and cones Photoreceptors are not evenly distributed across the retinaPurdue UniversityRods and cones Cones are most dense in the fovea Fovea, approximately 1.5 mm x 1.5 mm (about1 degree of visual space) 200,00 cones in the fovea 147,000 cones/mm^2 17,500 cones/degree^2 Periphery (outsidethe fovea), approximately 6,200,000 cones 125,000,000 rodsPurdue UniversityVisual acuity How much detail you see depends on the density ofphotoreceptorsPurdue UniversityVisual acuity The distribution of rods and codes partially explainswhy you have to move your eyes to see things Only all-cone vision (most central part of fovea) hasreally good visual acuity 20/20 vision is the ability to resolve a spatial patternseparated by a visual angle of one minute of visual arc One degree of visual angle at the fovea coversapproximately 120 cones So, a set of alternating black and white bars with morethan 120 elements in a degree will look grayPurdue UniversityVisual acuity Measured in several ways Snellen letters 20/20 vision (6/6 in metric form) First number is how close (in feet,meters for 6/6) you stand to thetarget Second number is how close a“normal” person has to stand toread the chart 20/40 vision means you can read at20 feet what a normal person canread at 40 feet Some hawks have approximately20/2 vision!Prof. Greg Francis2PSY 310: Sensory and Perceptual ProcessesPurdue UniversityVisual acuity Acuity varies acrossthe retina Larger eccentricitymeans further awayfrom fovea Snellen fraction isdoing the implieddivision of 20/20Purdue UniversityVisual acuity When we look at an image like thisPurdue UniversityVisual acuity The representation of detailed information wouldbe equivalent to something like thisPurdue UniversityNeural circuits Photoreceptor densityis not the only issue forvisual acuity Photoreceptors pass oninformation to neurons Can be two neurons foreach photoreceptor(fovea only), or manyphotoreceptors for eachneuron More photoreceptorsper neuron meanspoorer visual acuityPurdue UniversityNeural circuits VerycomplicatedneurophysiologyPurdue UniversityNeural circuits Schematichelps only alittle Note: spatialposition iscritical here Grounded to aposition onthe retinaProf. Greg Francis3PSY 310: Sensory and Perceptual ProcessesPurdue UniversityReading Reading requires distinguishing fineshapes Q versus O versus C Only the fovea can really do this, so youhave to move your eyes around Just watch someone read!Purdue UniversityReading and light As light gets fainter, the cones respond lessvigorously Eventually only rods responds The density of rods is muchless than for cones, sospatial acuity is muchworse in dim light Object edges becomefuzzy at nightPurdue UniversityWhy is the world not…? Upside down The retinal image is upside down Small The retinal image is smaller than the real world Red In some places there are more long-wave length cones Blurry Only the fovea has good acuity Filled with holes Blind spot Vein shadowsPurdue UniversityThe world is not… …any of these things, because perception is not aduplication of what happens at the retina Perception is a process It is based on the information at the retina Information about stimuli in one part of the scene caninfluence your perception of stimuli elsewhere The task we face is figuring out how this happens And relating it to neurophysiologyPurdue UniversityGanglion cells There are many cells that operate in theeye We will focuson the cellsthat sendoutputs out ofthe eye to thebrain 1,200,000neural axonsPurdue UniversityGanglion cells Anatomical structure Sample responses from other neurons Many different shapes and sizesProf. Greg Francis4PSY 310: Sensory and Perceptual ProcessesPurdue UniversityGanglion cells Anatomicalstructure Sample responsesfrom other neurons Many differentshapes and sizesPurdue UniversityAnatomy Spatial size and other propertiesdepend on position in the retinaPurdue UniversityAnatomy Tremendousspatialconvergenceof information Varies a lotfor type ofganglion celland positionon the retinaPurdue UniversityBehavior Present light fora few secondsand then turn itoff Different cellsresponddifferently Not always easyto categorizecells bybehaviorPurdue UniversityBehavior Ganglion cell behavior also varies with the spatiallayout of light on the retinaPurdue UniversityCenter surround Varying the shape of the stimulus leads to differentstrength of response (number of action potentials) Firing rate is important!Prof. Greg Francis5PSY 310: Sensory and Perceptual ProcessesPurdue UniversityReceptive field We talk about the “receptive field” of a cell This is an effort to describe the stimulus propertiesthat influence the cell’s behavior Excitation: increases the number of actionpotentials Inhibition: decreases the number of actionpotentials Can be complicatedPurdue UniversityReceptive field The receptive field of a ganglion cellincludes any place on the retina where lightexcites the cell and any place where lightinhibits the cell On-center, off-surround+-Purdue UniversityReceptive field There can be quite a bit of variability in the structureof receptive fields Size+-+-+-Purdue UniversityReceptive field There can be quite a bit of variability in the structureof receptive fields Arrangement of excitation and inhibition+-+-On-center, off-surroundOff-center, on-surroundPurdue UniversityCenter surround The properties of the receptive field are tied tothe spatial spread of the ganglion cell dendrites But not exclusively so Remember that the cells that a ganglion cellreceives inputs from may itself have a receptivefield that covers a region of retinal space The receptive field of a neuron depends on thereceptive fields of the neurons that feed in to itPurdue UniversityCenter surround This image shows theresponse of an off-center,on-surround ganglion cell The yellow bars indicate asmall slit of light lettinglight shine on the parts ofthe retina that this cellresponds to The picture of the neuronindicates the actual spatialposition of the dendrites ofthe neuron
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