Civil War’s Aftermath and ReconstructionAndrew Johnson’s PresidencyRise of American TechnologiesEconomic Theories, Consolidation and ScandalWorkers and the Labour MovementFailures and Bare Successes of Early Labour MovementsTwo Sources of US Growth: the West and the Rise of CitiesThree Stages of Settlement of the WestThe American IndianHistory 102: A Nation RebornHistorical ConceptsThe Past vs. HistoryFacts, Themes, and HistoriographyWhy is history Important?Aftermath: The Civil War and ReconstructionEnd of Civil War: April 9, 1865 -- Appamatox Court House, VirginiaCivil War’s Aftermath and Reconstruction“Presidential” Reconstruction:Lincoln Plan announced December 8, 1863 -- 10% Plan, based on Constitutional Power of President to Pardon (Article II, Section 2), though Lincoln less worried about Constitutional abstraction as for how to practically put the union back together again.By 1864, TN, AR, LA “Reconstructed,” but Congress refuses to seat RepresentativesElection of 1864 (in Wartime) Republicans & War Democrats nominate LincolnTide of War, Call of Pacificism, and rejection of the Wade-Davis Act causes “Radical” Republicans to defect: Democrats nominate General George McClellanJefferson Davis’ Belligerency & The Capture of Atlanta turn the tide back in favor of LincolnFirst attempts at “Congressional” Reconstruction:Congress Assumed states left Union and forfeited all rightsSenator Benjamin Wade (OH) and Representative Henry Davis (MD)Wade-Davis Act -- July 8, 1864• Repudiation of Confederate Debt• Greater Exclusion of Voters & Officeholders (Ironclad Oath)• Majority, not 10% of electorate neededPOCKET VETOED by LincolnApril 14, 1865 -- LINCOLN ASSASSINATEDAndrew Johnson’s PresidencyJohnson’s Reconstruction Plan similar to Lincoln’s, except South had to also agree to Revoke all orders of secession and agree to the 13th AmendmentSouth quickly re-elected old Confederate leaders, passed “black codes”Northern / Radical Republican BacklashCongress again refuses to seat the South• Johnson, strict Constitutionalist -- did not believe South COULD leave the Union, same conclusions as Lincoln but different approach.Alienates both partiesJohnson in Feb of 1866 vetoes two bills: expansion of the Freedman’s bureau and Civil rights Act. Both Bills passed over his veto.• Congressional Election of 1866History 102 p. 1 Outline 1• Johnson’s Midwest “swing round the circle”Attempted Impeachment of Johnson: Based on Tenure of Office Act and dismissal of Secretary of War Edwin Stanton (Radical Republican sympathizer)11 CHARGES DRAWN FOR “HIGH CRIMES AND MISDEMEANORS” -- acquitted by 1 Senatorial vote, including 7 crossover RepublicansRadical Reconstruction: Scalywags, Carpetbaggers, the Myth of Black Rule1868 -- Election of US Grant (serves two terms, through 1876)Corruption under Reconstruction governments? -- Part of general corruption of era, leading into the Guilded Age, Thomas NastREFORMER governments: 1869-1875, white Southerners begin to take back controlAFTERMATH OF RECONSTRUCTION:1. 14th and 15th Amendments2. Destruction of Planter Aristocracy and rise of Northern business leaders as new aristocrats3. The benighted, destroyed, devastated South4. Sharecropping, crop lien system5. Beginnings of the “new South Myth” (Henry Grady)myths of the Lost Cause and “Moonlight and Magnolia”6. Founding of KKK in 18667. Leads to Plessy versus Fergusun in 1896, creation and justification of Jim Crow segregation of the South (TN, 1870)Industrialism, Capitalism, Technology and The “Guilded Age”Early “Industrialism”; Britain’s lead.Rise of American Technologies1790 - Samuel Slater opens the first factory, a cotton-spinning mill United States Patent Office Opens (John Stevens)1793 - Eli Whitney’s Cotton Gin perfected1800 - Eli Whitney perfects the “Rifle with Interchangeable parts -- beginning in United States of Assembly-line manufactures1807 - Robert Fulton & Robert R. Livingston improve the steamboat, sail the Claremont up the Hudson River1817 - The first steamboat to travel UP the Mississippi River from New Orleans to Cincinnati1851 – William Kelly’s Steel Process1855 – Bessemer Steel (English)1860 – 36,000 Patents issued Isaac Singer improves Elias Howe’s Sewing machine1866 – Cyrus Field, Transatlantic Telegraph1867 – Christopher Shoales, the Typewriter1870 – Charles Brush, Arc Lamp1876 – Alexander Grahm Bell & the Telephone1879 – James Ritty, the cash register1880 – Edison: Incandescent lamp, the “talking machine,” (later with George Eastman the motion picture), electric steetcarsJames Bonsack, Cigarette-making machineHistory 102 p. 2 Outline 11891 – William Burroughs, calculatorEconomic Theories, Consolidation and ScandalEconomic Theories:Historical: 1776, Adam Smith The Wealth of Nations Change from Mercantilism to law of Supply and DemandLaissez-Faire & The “Invisible Hand” of the Free Market, CompetitionHerbert Spencer, Social DarwinismFrank Ward, Dynamic Sociology (1883)Horiatio Alger “American Success Story”Andrew Carnegie, The Gospel of Wealth (1901)The rise of stock companies (roots in joint-stock); limited liabilityNew management techniques: Middle ManagerHenry Ford, moving Assembly LineThe Giants: I.M. Singer and Co. (1851); Western Union (1856); Standard Oil (1870); U.S. Steel (1901); Ford MotorRailroad Tycoons: Cornelius Vanderbuilt, James Hill, Collis HuntingtonAndrew Carnegie: the Steel industryJames Duke: TobaccoJ. Pierpoint Morgan: Banker, (U. S. Steel)John Rockefeller: Standard Oil Methods of Control:Horizontal and Vertical expansion“Pools” (Cartels)Trusts (pre-merger; 1889, New Jersey)MonopoliesUse of force (Pinkerton Gangs to break strikes)Bribery, Political Manipulation1890: The Sherman Anti-Trust Act1895: U. S. v. E. C. Knight and Company (sugar Industry)Rise of Conspicuous ConsumptionWorkers and the Labour MovementIndustrial Workforce:First Wave: Rural to Urban movement (U. S. Citizens)Second Wave: Immigrant Labour25 million immigrants arrived from 1865-1915.Inducements to immigrate :1. Labor Contract Law (repealed in 1885)2. Advertisements about the West3. Pardones (Greek/Italian labor Brokers)First wave of immigration: England, Ireland, Northern EuropeSecond Wave: Italians, Poles, Russians, Greeks, Slavs, Chinese“Clustering” of occupations: Textiles; French, Poles, GreeksMining: Italians, Slavs, PolesRailways: Chinese (Especially in