Question 1Mod ThreeQuestion 2Memory TimingPepsi MachineBus ArbiterQuestion 1Mod ThreeIn this problem, we are going to design a Finite State Machine (FSM) that will take anarbitrary-sized integer as input, one bit at a time (starting from most significant bit), andreturn the remainder after this integer is divided by 3. Here is an example of the machinetaking 5310 as input and returning 2: |------------------- || ?? FSM ??|2 | MOD 3 | 110101 = 5310|-------------------|Let the state itself represent the answer. We need state transition equations. After we have shifted in the first n bits, the machine will be in a state that represents the remainder after dividing those first n bits by three.More examples:0 0110 = 61 1010 = 10a) Create the State Transition Diagram. Label transition arcs with the value of the newinput bit. Assume that the machine resets to state 0.b) Draw the state Transition Tablec) Derive the next state logic equations for the FSM from b). Make sureto add a RESET signal that is asserted high on reset.d) Implement this FSM using falling-edge triggered flip flops, inverters, and 2, 3, or 4-inputNAND gates. Try to minimize the number of gates that you use. Clearly label input andoutput signals.Question 2Memory TimingYou are working for a company that is very concerned with the reliability of their computer systems. They decide that they want to continuously validate the memory modules using a redundant memory scheme. The base unit of the system will be a pair of 8x1 DRAMs. The DRAM’s will store identical information (one is a copy of the other). During the refresh cycle, the information in the corresponding addresses of the 2 moduleswill be swapped and compared. If the memory is ok, the bits should still be the same. Otherwise, an error should be asserted so that the appropriate ECC can be used to repair the information and the user can be notified of the RAM failure.The memory controller system is running at 100 Mhz. Each cell of the DRAM must be refreshed every 10.25 s.a.) Design the FSM to control the swapping and comparison. The memory modules share the data line and address bus, so you may buffer one bit of data.(i.e. both modules cannot output information at the same time.) Be sure to start with a timing analysis of the problem (Draw a timing diagram!) and a state transition diagram once you have figured out what the timing contraints are. Show all steps of the FSM design, including timing diagram, state transition diagram, state transition table, and logic equations. Explain what type of flipflop you would use in your design and why. You do not need to optimize the logic. (Hint: You will have to do some careful timing. Do not drive the data line with both RAMs at the same time and make sure the data and address lines are stable when writing. You will probably have to use negative edge triggered devices in your design.)b.) Bonus: Explain how you would work read and write cycles into this refresh scheme. Do you think this scheme is a good idea? Why or why not?Question ThreePepsi MachineYou are hired by Pepsi to design their next generation Pepsi (Generation Next) machine, the reason being that Pepsi is going to drop the price of their product to a quarter. The new machine will accept the industry standard nickel, dime and quarter (for simplicity sake assume it does not accept bills…and pennies who uses those anyway). Design a totally synchronous FSM and be sure to anticipate any coin combination that can occur including strange combinations such as the user has already but in 20 cents and puts in another quarter. Assume the only inputs to the system are the type of change put in (nickel, dime, or quarter). Your outputs will be a change amount,and a Pepsi release signal that goes high when enough change has been put in. Hint: Try to draw your state diagram neatly…you could end up with a lot of arcs.Question FourBus ArbiterYou are to design a bus arbiter that operates as follows. When inputs IA IB = 0 0 the circuit either goes into the idle state (outputs OA OB = 0 0, disabling both Bus A and Bus B buffers), or remains in the idle state. When inputs IA IB change to 1 0 or 1 1 the circuit goes into State A (outputs OA OB = 1 0 enabling the Bus A buffers and disabling the Bus B buffers.) When inputs IA IB change to 0 1 while in the idle state, the circuitgoes to State B (outputs OA OB = 0 1 disabling Bus A buffers and enabling Bus B buffers.) To go from State A to State B requires input IA IB = 0 1, and to go from State B to State A requires inputs IA IB = 1 0.(a) Construct a State Transition Graph for the bus arbiter in Moore form.(b) Derive a State Transition Table from your graph, also in Moore form.(c) If the idle state is encoded as Yl Y2 = 0 0. State A is encoded as Yl Y2 = 0 1 and State B as Yl Y2 = 1 1, derive the Karnaugh maps for the next-state and output functions.d) If the machine is to be implemented using JK flip-flops, obtain the Karnaughmaps for the JK flip-flop excitation inputs. Write the excitation input and external output equations for the
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