HN 132 Lecture 19 Outline of Last Lecture I. Water-Soluble Vitamins II. Thiamin (B1)III. Riboflavin (B2)IV. Niacin (B3)V. FolateVI. Vitamin (B12)VII. Vitamin CVIII. Pantothenic Acid and BiotinOutline of Current LectureI. Water is the most abundant substance in body.II. Insensible water loss: through evaporation from skin and when you exhaleIII. Electrolytes IV. Losing too much water can cause dehydrationV. Kidneys regulate body temperature VI. Hypothermia Current LectureI. Water is the most abundant substance in body.A. Average healthy adult is about 60% water1. Muscle: 65 percent water, fat: 10 to 40 percent waterB. Water balanced among fluid compartmentsa. Intracellular fluids (2/3): inside cellsb. Extracellular fluids (1/3): interstitial fluid between cells and fluid in the bloodC. Electrolytes: minerals that help maintain fluid balanceD. Acts as universal solvent and a transport mediumThese notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.1. Medium for many chemical reactions in body2. As part of blood, helps transport oxygen, nutrients, hormones to cells3. As part of interstitial fluid, helps transport waste products away from cells for excretionE. Helps maintain body temperatureF. Is a lubricant for joints, eyes, and is part of mucus and salivaG. Water balance: water consumed = water lost1. You take in water through beverages and food2. You lose water through your kidneys (as urine), large intestine, lungs, and skin (as sweat)II. Insensible water loss: through evaporation from skin and when you exhale1. Losing too much water can cause dehydration2. Dehydration can result from inadequate water intake or too much water loss from diarrhea, vomiting, high fever, or use of diuretics III. Electrolytes A. Sodium1. + charge: lost a negative electron2. extracellular: outside of cellsB. Potassiuma. + charge: lost a negative electronb. intracellular: inside of cellsC. Chloride1. – charge: gained a negative electron2. extracellular: outside of cellsIV. Losing too much water can cause dehydrationA. Your thirst mechanism signals dehydration.1. Dry mouth due to increased electrolyte concentration in blood: less water available to make saliva2. Blood volume decreases, sodium concentration increases in blooda. Brain triggers thirst mechanism and secretion of antidiuretic hormone (ADH) to reduce urine output b. Fluid inside cells moves into blood by osmosisV. Kidneys regulate body water A. Kidneys act as a filter1. Water moves from the blood into kidney tubules2. Blood cells and proteins are too large and remain in the bloodB. Needed substances are reabsorbed back into the bloodC. Un-needed substances are excreted in urineVI. Hypothermia A. Hyponatremia is a condition of too little sodium in the blood1. For healthy individuals who consume a balanced diet, it is difficult to consume too much water2. However, some individuals have experienced water