HN 132 Lecture 17 Outline of Last Lecture I. What are vitamins?II. Vitamin AOutline of Current LectureI. Vitamin EII. Vitamin KIII. Vitamin DCurrent LectureI. Alpha-tocopherol is most active form in bodyA. Functions: 1. Acts as a powerful antioxidanta. Protects cell membranes, prevents oxidation of LDL cholesterol2. Acts as an anticoagulant, inhibiting formation of harmful clots inside bloodstreamB. Daily needs: Adults need 15 mg of alpha-tocopherol equivalentsC. Food sources1. vegetable oils, nuts, seeds, fortified cereals, some green leafy vegetablesD. Too much or too little:1. No known risk of consuming too much vitamin E from natural food sources2. Over-consumption of synthetic form in dietary supplements and fortified foods can increase risk of a hemorrhage: upper limit is 1,000 mg/day3. Although rare, chronic deficiency of vitamin E can cause nerve problems, muscle weakness, and free radical damage to cell membranesII. Vitamin KA. Two forms of vitamin K:1. Menaquinone synthesized by intestinal bacteria2. Phylloquinone found in green plantsB. Functions:1. Essential for blood clottingThese notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.2. Involved in synthesizing four blood clotting factors3. Important to bone healthC. Daily needs1. based on current consumption since amount contributed by intestinal synthesis is unknown2. Men need 120 µg/day 3. Women need 90 µg/dayD. Food sources1. Green vegetables such as broccoli, asparagus, spinach, salad greens, brussels sprouts, cabbage; also vegetable oils and margarine2. Enables bone protein osteocalcin to bind with calciumE. Too much or too little: 1. No known problems of consuming too much vitamin K from foods or supplements2. People taking anticoagulant medications such as warfarin (Coumadin) need to keep vitamin K intake consistent a. Changes in intake can increase or decrease drug effectiveness3. Vitamin K deficiency that is severe enough to affect blood clotting is extremely rare4. At risk: people with problems absorbing fatIII. Vitamin DA. Called “Sunshine Vitamin” because vitamin D is made in the body with help of sunlight (UV)1. Cholesterol-containing compound in skin is converted to inactive form of vitamin D2. People with insufficient sunlight exposure must meet needs through diet; vitamin D in foods is also an inactive form3. Inactive form converted to circulating form in liver, to active form in kidneys B. Functions: active form acts as a hormone1. Regulates two important bone minerals: calcium (Ca) and phosphorus (P)2. Stimulates intestinal absorption of Ca and P to maintain healthy blood levels and build and maintain bones 3. When dietary calcium is inadequate, vitamin D and parathyroid hormone cause calcium to leave bones to maintain necessary blood levels4. May prevent type 2 diabetes and some cancersC. Too much or too little:1. Overuse of supplements may lead to hypervitaminosis D, which causes hypercalcemia 2. Damaging calcium deposited in kidneys, lungs, blood vessels, heart3. UL: 4,000 IU (100 µg)D. Rickets: vitamin D deficiency disease in children1. On the rise in United States due to decreased milk consumption, other factors2. The bones of children with rickets aren’t adequately mineralized with calcium and phosphorus, causing them to weaken and leading to bowed legsE. Osteomalacia: adult equivalent of