Comm 1000 1st edition Lecture 12 10/21Outline of last lecture l. Negotiation ll. The six-step model of negotiation lll. Five negotiation styles have been identified lV. Principled negotiation V. Four “Rules of Thumb” Outline of current lecture Vl. Relationships Vll. Lying and Relationships Vlll. Intimates and lie detection lX. Ethics X. Lying and Misrepresentation Current lecture Vl. RelationshipsA. Many relationships have a rule “we’ll be honest with each other”- Do I look fat? How was dinner? Isn’t this vacation the best?B. Is this goal (rule) consistent with other relational goals?- Supportive climateC. People in relationships report telling fewer lies (than to people outside the relationship D. “The person who is brutally honest will be a very lonely person.”Vll. Lying and RelationshipsA. Nondisclosure about infidelity seems to fall clearly under the nonviable lie category according to Knapp and Vangelisti based on the fact this is a violation of arelational rule for most couplesB. Research shows the 99% of individuals expect fidelity in their romantic relationship (the rule is “just me”)C. Research also shows that 28% of individuals in romantic relationship admit to infidelityD. Most partners are overly motivated to lie about infidelityE. Knapp and Vangelisti (2000) list lying as a viable relationship strategy (relational maintenance)- Does the lie help both or just one person?- Most lies in close relationships told to partner- Is lie consistent with rules within relationship?- Categories of lies okay or not okay (e.g. lying about having lunch with ex-lover)- Does the lied to partner believe his/her best interest are at heart in situation?- Convince that you’re thinking of themComm 1000 1st editionF. Professional relationship- Doctors: okay to lie if patient “doesn’t want to know”?- Business: okay to lie to get a client and protect your job?Vlll. Intimates and Lie Detection A. Intimates are mutually influential - You got lied to, but maybe you influenced your partner to lie to youB. Intimate have multiple exposure to lies- If you lie, have to keep lying C. Intimates are familiar with each other’s behavior - You know their “normal” behavior D. Intimates are better-than-average lie detectors E. Intimate have incentive to NOT detect those lies- Don’t want to always “be suspicious”lX. Ethics A. Ethics is the study of the general nature of morals and the specific moral choices a person makes- People are more sensitive to received than performed unethical acts- Personal freedom and moral responsibility often are in conflict - Ethics can be seen as an ongoing process or reflection, not a strict code- A moral instinct may exist B. Aristotle’s Golden mean - Ethics dealt with ones inner character, not just one’s acts- Morality is to be found in moderation- the golden mean between excess and deficiency- Some acts have no mean: lying, adultery, murder, theft - Ethics related to the happiness of the individual; politics the welfare of the communityC. Kant’s Categorical Imperative - Ethics involve universal laws that are absolute and without exception- A lie even to prevent murder is unjustified - Morality is judged by intentions rather than outcomes- Many religions use categorical imperatives (Ten Commandments) D. Bentham and Mill’s Utilitarianism - Outcomes are more important than intentions in morality- Mil calls this the greatest happiness principle: actions are right if they produce great happiness/similar to the greatest good for most peopleE. Rawl’s Principle of Justice- To balance social inequity, put all behind a “veil of ignorance” where one’s position and interests are unknown- From behind the veil a fair and just decision for all can be made F. Three principles most commonly used in making ethical decisions- End based principles- utilitarianism exemplifies this - Rule-based principles- unchanging codes, emphasis on obligationComm 1000 1st edition- Care-based principles-compassion, typified by the Golden Rule X. Lying and Misrepresentation A. Plagiarism - Is using or presenting as your own the ideas, images, or words of another source-for example, from books or online information without acknowledgment or permission B. Paraphrasing - Is using your own words to express or restate someone else’s words or ideas, with proper