Figure 17-24 Reaction mechanism of lactate dehydrogenase. Via accompanFigure 17-25 The two reactions of alcoholic fermentation.Figure 17-26 Thiamine pyrophosphate.Figure 17-27 Reaction mechanism of pyruvate decarboxylase.Figure 17-29 The formation of the active ylid form of TPP in the pyruvate decarboxylase reaction.Figure 17-30 The reaction mechanism of alcohol dehydrogenase involves direct hydride transfer of the pro-R hydrogen of NADH to the re face of acetaldehyde.Table 17-2 Some Effectors of the Nonequilibrium Enzymes of Glycolysis.Figure 17-32a X-Ray structure of PFK. (a) A ribbon diagram showing two subunits of the tetrameric E. coli protein.Figure 17-33 PFK activity versus F6P concentration.Figure 17-35 Metabolism of fructose.Figure 17-36 Metabolism of galactose.Figure 17-37 Metabolism of mannose.Slide 13Figure 18-1a Structure of glycogen. (a) Molecular formula. (b) Schematic diagram illustrating its branched structure.Figure 18-2a X-Ray structure of rabbit muscle glycogen phosphorylase. (a) Ribbon diagram of a phosphorylase b subunit.Figure 18-2b X-Ray structure of rabbit muscle glycogen phosphorylase. (b) A ribbon diagram of the glycogen phosphorylase a dimer.Figure 18-2c X-Ray structure of rabbit muscle glycogen phosphorylase. (c) An interpretive “low-resolution” drawing of Part b showing the enzyme’s various ligand-binding sites.Figure 18-3 The reaction mechanism of glycogen phosphorylase.Figure 18-4 The mechanism of action of phosphoglucomutase.Figure 18-5 Reactions catalyzed by debranching enzyme.Figure 18-6 Reaction catalyzed by UDP–glucose pyrophos-phorylase.Figure 18-7 Reaction catalyzed by glycogen synthase.Figure 18-8 The branching of glycogen.Figure 18-9 The control of glycogen phosphorylase activity.Figure 18-10a Conformational changes in glycogen phosphorylase. (a) Ribbon diagram of one subunit (T-state) in absence of allosteric effectors.Figure 18-10b Conformational changes in glycogen phosphorylase. (b) The portion of the glycogen phosphorylase a dimer in the vicinity of the dimer interface.Figure 18-11a A monocyclic enzyme cascade. (a) General scheme, where F and R are, respectively, the modifying and demodifying enzymes.Figure 18-11b A monocyclic enzyme cascade. (b) Chemical equations for the interconversion of the target enzyme’s unmodified and modified forms Eb and Ea.Figure 18-12 A bicyclic enzyme cascade.Figure 18-13 Schematic diagram of the major enzymatic modification/demodification systems involved in the control of glycogen metabolism in muscle.Figure 18-14 X-ray structure of the catalytic (C) subunit of mouse protein kinase A (PKA).Figure 18-15 X-ray structure of the regulatory (R) subunit of bovine protein kinase A (PKA).Figure 18-16 X-Ray structure of rat testis calmodulin.Figure 18-17 EF hand.Figure 18-18a. NMR structure of (Ca2+)4–CaM from Drosophila melanogaster in complex with its 26-residue target polypeptide from rabbit skeletal muscle myosin light chain kinase (MLCK). (a) A view of the complex in which the N-terminus of the target polypeptide is on the right.Figure 18-18b. NMR structure of (Ca2+)4–CaM from Drosophila melanogaster in complex with its 26-residue target polypeptide from rabbit skeletal muscle myosin light chain kinase (MLCK). (b) The perpendicular view as seen from the right side of Part a.Figure 18-19 Schematic diagram of the Ca2+–CaM-dependent activation of protein kinases.Figure 18-21 The antagonistic effects of insulin and epinephrine on glycogen metabolism in muscle.Figure 18-22 The enzymatic activities of phosphorylase a and glycogen synthase in mouse liver in response to an infusion of glucose.Figure 18-23 Comparison of the relative enzymatic activities of hexokinase and glucokinase over the physiological blood glucose range.Figure 18-24 Formation and degradation of -D-fructose-2,6-bisphosphate as catalyzed by PFK-2 and FBPase-2.Figure 18-25 X-ray structure of the H256A mutant of rat testis PFK-2/FBPase-2.Figure 18-26a The liver’s response to stress. (a) Stimulation of α-adrenoreceptors by epinephrine activates phospholipase C to hydrolyze PIP2 to IP3 and DAG.Figure 18-26b The liver’s response to stress. (b) The participation of two second messenger systems.Figure 18-27 The ADP concentration in human forearm muscles during rest and following exertion in normal individuals and those with McArdle’s disease.Table 18-1 Hereditary Glycogen Storage Diseases.Slide 47Figure 17-24 Reaction mechanism of lactate dehydrogenase. Via accompanPage 603direct hydride transfer from NADH to pyruvate’s carbonyl CProton donation from HisFacilitated by ArgFigure 17-25 The two reactions of alcoholic fermentation.Page 604Figure 17-26 Thiamine pyrophosphate.Page 604Voet Biochemistry 3e© 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.Figure 17-27 Reaction mechanism of pyruvate decarboxylase.Page 605Nucleophillic attackProtonation of carbanioneliminationFigure 17-29 The formation of the active ylid form of TPP in the pyruvate decarboxylase reaction.Page 606Figure 17-30 The reaction mechanism of alcohol dehydrogenase involves direct hydride transfer of the pro-R hydrogen of NADH to the re face of acetaldehyde.Page 606Table 17-2 Some Effectors of the Nonequilibrium Enzymes of Glycolysis.Page 613Please note that these are the 3 NON-reversible reactions of glycolysis. All the others are freely reversible.Figure 17-32a X-Ray structure of PFK. (a) A ribbon diagram showing two subunits of the tetrameric E. coli protein.Page 614Mg+2ATPF6PFigure 17-33 PFK activity versus F6P concentration.Page 615Figure 17-35 Metabolism of fructose.Page 619Figure 17-36 Metabolism of galactose.Page 621Figure 17-37 Metabolism of mannose.Page 621Figure 18-1a Structure of glycogen. (a) Molecular formula. (b) Schematic diagram illustrating its branched structure.Page 627Page 627Figure 18-2a X-Ray structure of rabbit muscle glycogen phosphorylase. (a) Ribbon diagram of a phosphorylase b subunit.Page 628Figure 18-2bX-Ray structure of rabbit muscle glycogen phosphorylase. (b) A ribbon diagram of the glycogen phosphorylase a dimer.Page 628Figure 18-2c X-Ray structure of rabbit muscle glycogen phosphorylase. (c) An interpretive “low-resolution” drawing of Part b showing the enzyme’s various ligand-binding sites.Page 628Figure 18-3The reaction mechanism of glycogen phosphorylase. Page 630Figure 18-4 The mechanism of action of phosphoglucomutase.Page 631Figure 18-5 Reactions catalyzed by debranching enzyme.Page 631Figure 18-6 Reaction catalyzed by
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