Slide 1Slide 2Slide 3Slide 4Slide 5Slide 6Slide 7Slide 8Slide 9Slide 10Slide 11Slide 12Slide 13Slide 14Slide 15Slide 16Slide 17Slide 18Slide 19Slide 20Slide 21Slide 22Slide 23Slide 24Slide 25Slide 26Slide 27Slide 28Slide 29Slide 30Slide 31Extending X-bar TheoryDPs, TPs, and CPsThe Puzzle of DeterminersSpecifier Rule XP(YP) X’–requires the specifier to be phrasal–*That the book (however cf. Those two books)Only example of a specifier we’ve seen.The DP proposalDPD’D NPN’NAbney 1987The DP hypothesisExplains why D isn’t a phrase (it is a head of its own phrase!)Notice we now have NO examples of specifiers!!Evidence???????’s Genitives The man’s coatNot a suffix:–[The man standing over there]’s coat–[The dancer from New York]’s shoes’s attaches to phrases.’s Genitives –The man’s coat ’s genitive –The coat of the man free genitive’s is in complementary distribution with determiners:–[The man standing over there]’s coat–*The man standing over there’s the coatComplementary distribution means: two items are examples of the same thing!’s Genitives ’s is a determiner NPD N’’sN hat?NPthe man standing over thereIf ’s is a determiner, where does the possessor go? (Remember the possessor modifies hat).’s Genitives Problem solved by DP hypothesis DP2the man standing over there hatD’D NP’sNDP1notice this is in the specifier of DP1. Is this the subject of the NP?Two other rules that don’t fit X-bar theorySNP (T) VPS’  (C) SProblems: –Category Specific–No intermediate structure–What are the heads, complements, adjuncts?The S Rule SNP (T) VPWhat is the head?–NP? not a head; it’s a phrase!–VP? not a head; it’s a phrase!–T? This is a head, but it’s optional! HMMM! Let’s think about headedness...HeadsGive their category to the phrase–[NPThe big linguistN from Calgary]Contribute other features to their phrase•Linguist [+animate]•[The linguist from Calgary] is pregnant [+animate]•Fridge [-animate]•[The fridge from Calgary] is pregnant [-animate]The predicate “is pregnant” selects for an animate subject.Heads of ClausesWhat are the relevant features of clauses?–Tense/Finiteness!!Some examples•I think [that Bill should leave]•*I think [Bill to leave]•?I asked [that Bill leave]•I asked [Bill to leave]The main verb is said to select for certain types of embedded clause, based on finiteness.The head of clausesTense provides the features selected for, so perhaps T is the head of the sentence:TP = SDP T’subject T VPHOLD ON!!!!We’ve only seen T in clauses with auxiliaries!!What about sentences without auxiliaries??–John loves peanut butter sandwichesIf T is optional, how can S=TP?Maybe T is obligatory in all sentences!T = Auxs, and suffixesObservation: auxiliaries and inflectional suffixes on verbs are in complementary distribution:–I will dance–I danced–*I will danced–I can dance–*I can dancedProposalInflectional tense & agreement suffixes are also instances of T. T is obligatory in all clausesTPDP T’John T VP -edV’ VdanceTPDP T’John T VP willV’ VdanceWAIT A MINUTE!The SUFFIX appears before the Verb? HUH?Well the suffixes are in complementary distribution with the auxiliaries…What is the difference between an inflectional suffix and an aux?–suffixes must be attached to something–auxs are free (don’t have to be attached)suffixes as TProposal: Inflectional suffixes are generated under T, but they must be attached to a verb, so they move by lowering and attaching to the verb.TPDP T’John T VP -edV’ Vdancemaybe, but it will get us something later (chpt 8)Irregular verb morphologyJohn runs (easy case)John ran ???? Inflectional suffix. TPDP T’John T VP Ø[past]V’ Vrunrun + Ø[past] = ranTPT is obligatory, occupied by auxs or inflectional suffixes (which lower and attach to the verb.)The T head gives the finiteness properties to the clause.TP = SThe specifier of TP is occupied by the subject of the clausethe complement of TP is the VPS’(C) TP???What is the head of S’? C is the obvious choice!CP = S’C’C TPWhat is the specifier of CP for? We’ll use it in chapter 11 when we look at wh-movement. It is where question words like “what” go.Is there a CP in every clause?We’ve claimed there is an TP in every clause. Is there a CP in every clause?Embedded clauses without an overt complementizer?–I said [Louise loved rubber duckies]Main clauses–Louise loved rubber duckies?Evidence from Yes/No questions–You have seen the rubber ducky. –Have you seen the rubber ducky?Many languages don’t do this. Instead they have special question complementizers:–Ar fhag SeánQ leave John“Did John leave?”These are in complementary distribution with complementizersEvidence from Yes/No questionsCPC’C[+Q] TPfhag SeánArEvidence from Yes/No questionsCPC’C[+Q] TPDPsubjØT’T VPhaveyouCPC’C[+Q] TPDPsubjHave+ØT’ tTVPyouThe null [+Q] C must be pronounced, so the T head moves to the position to fill it.Evidence for [+Q] Cs in EnglishEnglish has a [+Q] C found in embedded clauses: (whether)–I wonder whether Louise likes rubber duckiesSubject/Aux inversion disallowed (in complementary distribution) with whether:•*I wonder whether has Louise owned a rubber ducky.•I wonder whether Louise has owned a rubber ducky.This means that subject/aux inversion is a diagnostic for the presence of C in English!Conclusion of discussion so farRoot questions in English contain a phonologically null [+Q] complementizer. T raises to this [+Q] to give it phonological content.Evidence that non-questions have null C?Recall that conjunction only links together items of the same category. If questions have a null C (indicated by subject/aux inversion), then anything they are conjoined with must ALSO have a C.–You can lead a horse to water but can you make him drink?Second clause has a null C (indicated by subject/aux; therefore, first clause must also have a null C.CPCP Conj CPbutC’ C’C TP C TPØ[-Q]