LEARNING OBJECTIVESKEY WORDSI. Bones of the Axial skeletonVertebraeHyoidSternumRibs and costal cartilageII. Bones of the Appendicular SkeletonScapulaHumerusRadiusUlnaCarpalsMetacarpalsPhalangesFemurPatellaTibiaFibulaTarsalsMetatarsalsPhalangesSKELETAL SYSTEMI. Bone Classification, Structure, and RelationshipsB. Classification of BonesC. Gross Anatomy of a Typical Long BoneD. Microscopic Anatomy of BoneA. Skull - cranial bonesSphenoid (1): greater and lesser wings, superior orbital fissure, sella turcica, foramenMaxillae (2): palatine process, infraorbital foramenC. Neck regionSKELETAL SYSTEM - continuedD. Vertebral ColumnIntervertebral discsCervical (7): atlas, axis, odontoid process (dens)E. Bony ThoraxSternum: manubrium, body, xiphoid processIII. Appendicular Skeleton lab 11A. Shoulder GirdleClaviclePhalanges (14 each hand): proximal, middle, distalIschium: ischial tuberosity, ischial spineOther featuresSKELETAL SYSTEM - continuedLEARNING OBJECTIVESKEY WORDSFunctional Classification =Structural Classification =Synovial - structural characteristicsBursitisSprainDislocationArthritisAbduction Adduction Rotation CircumductionPronation Supination Inversion EversionDorsiflexion Plantar FlexionEXPERIMENTSDo lab 13, exercises 1, 2, & 5-10. Work on your own and/or in a group. Also note the extra joints that are listed above.(3) List functional classifications with ONE distinguishing feature of each.Synovial Joints: Additional InformationGlenohumeral - head of humerus and glenoid fossaHip (coxal) - deep ball and socketKnee - actually three jointsIntracapsular ligaments -Injuries - usually collateral ligamentsBursitisLab #9, #10, and # 11 Bone Classification BIOL&241 LEARNING OBJECTIVES 1. List the functions of the skeletal system. 2. Identify the two major types of bone. 3. Identify the anatomical areas of a longitudinally cut bone. 4. Identify major regions of an osteon (compact bone) and trabeculae (spongy bone) on histological specimens. 5. Explain the role of inorganic salts and organic matrix in flexibility and hardness of bone. 6. Learn the bones of the skull, significant bone markings, and locations. 7. Learn the bones of the axial skeleton, significant bone markings, and locations. 8. Name the three bone groups composing the axial skeleton: by isolated bones, on an articulated skeleton - and note the bone markings of each as listed below. 9. Distinguish by examination the different types of vertebrae from each area. 10. Differentiate lordosis, kyphosis, scoliosis and identify a herniated disc. 11. Define the fontanels and discuss its function and fate in the fetus. 12. Learn the bones of the upper appendage, significant markings, and locations. 13. Learn the bones of the lower appendage, significant markings, and locations. 14. Identify the bones on an articulated skeleton: bones of the shoulder and pelvic girdles and attached limbs 15. Arrange a disarticulated skeleton with the bones in the relative proper positions. 16. Identify bone markings. 17. Differentiate between a female and a male pelvis. 18. Relate structure and function of the Appendicular skeleton. KEY WORDS Axial/Appendicular skeleton Compact bone Spongy bone Long bones Short Bones Flat bones Irregular bones Wormian (Extra sutural) bones Sesamoid bones Diaphysis Periosteum Osteoblasts Epiphysis Articular cartilage Epiphyseal plate Medullary cavity Yellow marrow Red marrow Endosteum Trabeculae Central canal Osteocytes Lacunae Lamellae Osteon Canaliculi Perforating canals And all bones and bone parts listed below EXPERIMENTS Do all the sections of lab exercises 9, 10 and 11 work on your own and/or in a group. Locate the following bones and note the position in the body relative to each other and the organs of the body. I. Bones of the Axial skeleton Skull Vertebrae Hyoid Sternum Ribs and costal cartilage2 Lab #9, #10, and # 11 Bone Classification BIOL&241 continued II. Bones of the Appendicular Skeleton Clavicle Scapula Humerus Radius Ulna Carpals Metacarpals Phalanges os coxa (pelvic bones) Femur Patella Tibia Fibula Tarsals Metatarsals Phalanges Study questions: 1. Somewhere between 5 and 10 million years have passed since distant human ancestors swung through trees. We still retain evidence of this brachiating mode of locomotion and bipedal locomotion. What features of the human skeleton support this arboreal type of locomotion? 2. What is the significance of the materials that make up bones; i.e. what do these indicate about our origins (think about how bones form developmentally)? What functions do they perform now? 3. Why do you think it is important to learn many parts of the skeleton? Is there any future use? What do you gain from such an exercise?3 SKELETAL SYSTEM I. Bone Classification, Structure, and Relationships A. Bone markings - Identify the markings listed under Key Words or after the bones on the list below B. Classification of Bones Differentiate between compact and spongy bone in diagrams. Differentiate the relative gross anatomy of the bones into the four groups - be able to place any bone into one of these groups C. Gross Anatomy of a Typical Long Bone Be able to label the diaphysis, periosteum, epiphysis, articular cartilage, epiphyseal plate/line, marrow (medullary) cavity and endosteum D. Microscopic Anatomy of Bone Differentiate between compact and spongy bone under a microscope and the parts that make up these two different types of bone. II. Axial Skeleton lab 10 A. Skull - cranial bones Frontal (1): frontal sinus Parietal (2): sagittal suture, coronal suture Temporal (2): squamous suture, external auditory meatus, zygomatic process, mastoid process, mandibular fossa, jugular foramen Occipital (1): lamboidal suture, foramen magnum, occipital condyles Sphenoid (1): greater and lesser wings, superior orbital fissure, sella turcica, foramen rotundum, foramen ovale, foramen spinosum Ethmoid (1): crista galli, cribiform plate B. Facial - Mandible (1): body, ramus, mandibular condyle, coronoid process, mental foramen, mandibular symphysis Maxillae