Welcome to 4201 –Statistical & Thermal PhysicsINSTRUCTOR: Michael ZudovOffice hours: Phys 347, TBD (e-mail OK!)E-mail: [email protected]: Phys 4201LECTURES: M, Tu, Th (15:35-16.25, Phys 133)WEBPAGE: http://www.physics.umn.edu/classes/2006/fall? University X.500 username and password ?TEXTBOOK: Kittel and Kroemer, "Thermal Physics", Second Edition, Freeman and Company, New York (1980)Rules of the gameHW: assigned and graded weeklyno homework on examination weeksEXAMS: One-hour midterms: October 5 and November 9. Two-hour final: Friday, December 15, 13:30. All exams will be closed book! You can use one-page with your own notes GRADE: Midterm exams: 40% (20% each) Final exam: 30% Homework: 30% (one HW will be dropped). SCALE: A [100, 90%]:A (90, 85%]:A-B (85, 80%]:B+ (80, 75%]:B (75, 70%]:B-C (70, 65%]:C+ (65, 60%]:C (60,55%]:C-D (55, 50%]:D+ (50, 45%]:DF (45, 0%]: FSuggestionsRead the text before the class, identify important conceptsAttend lectures and participateStart working on the homework early, it might take time to work through problemsIf you have questions ask theme-mail, office hours, talk to othersDon’t get behind!1STMIDTERM EXAM10.05RESERVED10.03Ch. 4, pp. 102-109Phonons in Solids: Debye Theory10.025Ch. 4, pp. 94-98Planck Radiation Law, Emission and Absorption, Surface Temperature09.28HW04Ch. 4, pp. 89-94THERMAL RADIATION AND PLANCK DISTRIBUTION:Planck Distribution Function, Stefan-Boltzmann Law09.26Ch. 3, pp. 72-81Introduction to the Ideal Gas09.254Ch. 3, pp. 64-72Pressure, Thermodynamic Identity, Helmholtz Free Energy, Differential Relations09.21HW03Ch. 3, pp. 58-64BOLTZMANN DISTRIBUTION AND HELMHOLTZ FREE ENERGY:Boltzmann Factor, Partition Function09.19Ch. 2, pp. 45-51Laws of Thermodynamics09.183Ch. 2, pp. 39-45Thermal Equilibrium, Temperature, Entropy09.14HW02Ch. 2, pp. 29-39ENTROPY AND TEMPERATURE:Fundamental Assumption, Probability, Most Probable Configuration09.12Ch. 1, pp. 18-26Average Values, Binary Magnetic System09.112Ch. 1, pp. 7-18STATES OF A MODEL SYSTEM:Binary model systems, Enumeration of States, Multiplicity Function,09.07HW01Introduction09.051HWREADINGTOPICSDATEWEEK2ndMIDTERM EXAM11.09RESERVED11.07Ch. 8, pp. 245-249 & 252-256Heat and Work at Constant Temperature or Constant Pressure: Enthalpy, Gibbs Free Energy, Magnetic Work, Superconductors11.0610Ch. 8, pp. 236-244Carnot Cycle, Energy Conversion, Second Law of Thermodynamics, Irreversible Work11.02HW08Ch. 8, pp. 227-236HEAT AND WORK:Energy and Entropy Transfer, Conversion of Heat into Work, Carnot inequality, Refrigirators and Air Conditioners10.31Ch. 7, pp. 207-217Liquid Helium-4 and Helium-310.309Ch. 7, pp. 199-206Boson Gas: Chemical Potential Near Absolute Zero, Einstein Condensation10.26HW07Ch. 7, pp. 189-196Fermi Gas: Heat Capacity of Electron Gas, Fermi Gas in Metals10.24Ch. 7, pp. 181-188FERMI AND BOSE GASES:Fermi Gas: Ground state in 3D, Density of States10.238Ch. 6, pp. 171-177Reversible and Irreversible Thermodynamic Processes10.19HW06Ch. 6, pp. 160-171Classical Limit: Chemical Potential, Free Energy, Pressure, Energy, Entropy and Heat Capacity10.17Ch. 6, pp. 152-160IDEAL GAS: Fermi-Dirac and Bose-Einstein Distribution Functions and Statistics10.167Ch. 5, pp. 140-144Gibbs (Grand) Sum, Absolute Activity10.12HW05Ch. 5, pp. 131-140Entropy, New Thermodynamic Identity, Gibbs (Grand) Sum10.10Ch. 5, pp. 118-131CHEMICAL POTENTIAL AND GIBBS DISTRIBUTION:Chemical Potential, Internal and Total Chemical Potential10.096FINAL EXAM, 1330-153012.15RESERVED12.12Ch. 13, pp. 363-373n-Type and p-Type Semiconductors, p-n Junctions12.1115Ch. 13, pp. 355-363SEMICONDUCTOR STATISTICS: Energy Bands, Fermi Level, Electrons and Holes, Classical Regime12.07HW12Ch. 12, pp. 341-350Evaporation Cooling, Helium Dilution Refrigiratior, Demagnetization12.05Ch. 12, pp. 334-341CRYOGENICS: Expansion Engine, Joule-Thompson Effect 12.0414Ch. 14, pp. 408-413Boltzmann Transport Equation11.30HW11Ch. 14, pp. 397-406Transport Processes: Diffusion, Thermal Conductivity, Einstein Relation11.28Ch. 14, pp. 391-397KINETIC THEORY: Kinetic Theory of the Ideal Gas Law: Maxwell Distribution, Collision Cross Sections and Mean Free Paths11.2713NO CLASS (Thanksgiving Holiday)11.23HW10Ch. 10, pp. 298-305Landau Theory of Phase Transitions: First and Second Order Phase Transitions11.21Ch. 10, pp. 291-298Van der Waals Equation: Gibbs Free Energy, Nucleation of a Droplet, Ferromagnetism11.2012Ch. 10, pp. 284-291Triple Point, Latent Heat and Enthalpy; Van der Waals Equation: Mean Field Method, Law of Corresponding States11.16HW09Ch. 9, pp. 267-269Ch. 10, pp. 276-284Equilibrium for Ideal Gases, Law of Mass ActionPHASE TRANSFORMATIONS:Phases and Coexistence Curve, Vapor Pressure Equation11.14Ch. 9, pp. 262-267GIBBS FREE ENERGY AND CHEMICAL REACTIONS:Gibbs Free Energy, Grand Partition Function, Reactions11.1311About thermal physicsThermal Physics:studies phenomena where temperature and/or heat are important.studies thermodynamic systems (with large number of particles or degrees of freedom, e.g. N~1023).a mixture of statistics and mechanics, systematic “approach” to thermodynamics Main objective: to describe properties of very large systems (N~1023) in terms of macroscopic parameters, e.g. p (pressure), T (temperature), U (internal energy), V (volume), etc...Example: ideal gas law, PV = NkT.Main problem:It is impossible to solve a system of 1023differential equations!But: Some properties of matter do not depend on microscopic detailsExample: efficiency of the heat engine is independent of its working substanceMacroscopic properties of realistic systems are found to be well described by simple model systems, e.g. binary model systems (that’s where we start)DefinitionsMacroscopic and microscopic descriptions of the system:macroscopic parameters: to characterize the total system: p, V, T, Umicroscopic parameters: to characterize individual particles, e.g., px, y, z, etc.thermodynamic system: a system with a large number of particles N~1023thermodynamic equilibrium: macroscopic parameters do not change over timeequation of state: a relation between the macroscopic parametersThermodynamic systems differ by types of constraints:isolated system: the number of particles and the energy are fixed diffusively isolated (closed) system: the number of particles is fixedenergetically isolated (isolated) system: the energy is fixed thermally isolated system: no heat exchange with the exterior mechanically isolated system: no work done on the