AgendaSoc 5811 Lab #610.17.04I. Welcome1. Hand back third problem set.2. Hand out practice problems for midterm. (Answers will be available n my website shortly.)3. Lab handouts, datasets, and other information can be found at:http://www.tc.umn.edu/~long0324/II. Objectives1. Hypothesis tests with means and differences in means.2. Lab Assignment #2 (hand in before end of lab).III. Useful SPSS CommandsA. Constructing new variables1. Suppose we are interested in overall political participation and protest. The World Values Survey asks a number of specific questions about political participation, but not a general question about overall activity. What should we do? 2. If multiple variables are measuring a single concept and they are measured on the same scale, then oftentimes we can simply add them. a. Recode variables e25-e31 into dichotomous variables (1=Have done, 0=Have not done).b. Construct a new variable measuring overall political participation by adding the newly recoded variables together. The new scale should run from 0 to 7.We’ll use this newvariable later.IV. Hypothesis Testing- ReviewA. Just like your ninth-grade science class, social statistics is built upon hypothesis testing (although admittedly more complicated). Here is a review of the hypothesis testing procedure:1. State the research hypothesis, or the alternate hypothesis, which states what you think may be true. (H1)2. State the null hypothesis, which is the hypothesis we are trying to reject to indirectly support what we think may be true. (H0)3. Choose an alpha-level for either a one-tailed or two-tailed test.4. Determine the test statistic (z-value or t-value) that corresponds to the alpha-level.5. Accept or reject the null hypothesis by comparing our sample t-value or z-value with the test statistic.a. What types of errors can be made when we reject or fail to rejectthe null hypothesis?B. Hypothesis Testing for Difference in Means- Independent Samples T-tests1. When we want to compare the means for two different groups, we conduct an independent samples t-test to see if the means for each group are the same or different. We use a corollary of the Central Limit Theorem to determine if we can confidently reject a null hypothesis that the means for two groups are the same. From this, we know that the difference in population means also has a sampling distribution, which we can draw out and mark the alpha-areas.a. What information do we need to know to conduct a T-test for difference in means? How do we estimate the standard error of the sampling distribution for the difference in means for large samples? For small samples?2. Suppose someone claims that Europe is “aging” compared to the U.S., meaning the average age in European countries is older than in the United States. Test the null hypothesis that the average age (variable x003) of German and American respondents is the same using an alpha-level of .05 (use variable s003 to determine groups; Germany=276, USA=840). What is your alternate hypothesis? Draw out the sampling distribution around the null hypothesis. Be sure to note where the critical values lie. What are your conclusions?3. Suppose we want to compare the happiness of Americans and the French (s003=250) using WVS data (variable a008). We assume that one group is probably more or less happy than the other. What is the null hypothesis? What is the alternate hypothesis? Use an alpha-level of .05. Draw out the sampling distribution and label the alpha-areas. What are your interpretations? Can we reject the null hypothesis?4. Test the null hypothesis that people in the U.S. have lower levels of education (variable x025) than people in Japan (s003=392). Use a one- tailed test with an alpha-level of .01. Draw out the sampling distribution and label the alpha-area with the critical values labeled. What are your interpretations? Can we reject the null hypothesis?5. Test the null hypothesis that political participation in France and the United States are the same using the variable we constructed earlier. Use a two-tailed test with an alpha-level of .05. Draw out the sampling distribution and label the alpha-area with the critical values labeled. What are your interpretations? Can we reject the null hypothesis?IV. Lab Assignment- Confidence Interval and Hypothesis Testing Turn in syntax file with assignment!!A. Constructing New Variables1. Construct a new variable measuring the total number of voluntary associations individuals belong to by adding together variablesa64-a79 (you can exclude variable a078- consumer groups- because it was not asked in the survey.) 2. Turn in a frequency table of the new variable, as well as a table indicating the mean, median, mode, standard deviation, and range.3. Use this variable for question C.3.B. Confidence Intervals1. Draw the 95% and 99% confidence interval around variable e033 (self-positioned political attitudes scale; 1=Left, 10=Right)) for the entire WVS sub-sample. You can use SPSS to calculate the intervals, but draw them out by hand or in a word processing program. Whatare the upper and lower bounds of the two confidence intervals?C. Hypothesis Testing1. Conduct a two-tailed hypothesis test with the variable e033. Use an alpha-level of .05. State your alternative and null hypothesis (feel free to make up your own null and alternate hypotheses…you can set up anull hypothesis with a non-integer, too, even though the scale is only whole integers). Draw out the sampling distribution around the null hypothesis and label the critical values. Be sure to label the alpha-areas clearly, as well as where the sample mean falls. State your conclusions and any substantive interpretations you may have.2. Compare the political attitudes of Americans and the French. Use an alpha-level of .05 with a two-tailed test. State your null and alternate hypotheses and test statistic. Draw out the sampling distribution around the null hypothesis and label the critical values. Be sure to label the alpha- areas clearly, as well as where the sample mean falls. State your conclusions and any substantive interpretations you may have. Discuss any possible errors that may have occurred when making your decision to accept or reject the null hypothesis.3. Compare the number of voluntary associations Americans and Germansbelong to. Use an alpha-level of .05 with a two-tailed test. State your nulland