CSM HST 1012 - Chapter 16 Toward a New Heaven and a New Earth

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Chapter 16 Background to the Scientific RevolutionToward a New Heaven: A Revolution in AstronomyKeplerReformation AstronomyGalileoGalileo Galilei Sir Isaac NewtonIsaac Newton 17th centuryAdvances in MedicineWomen in the Origins of Modern ScienceGerman Women ScientistsDebate over the nature and value of womenRenee DescartesToward a New Earth: Descartes, Rationalism, and a New View of HumankindPascalThe Scientific MethodAn Epistemological RevolutionForging a new world viewContributions to the world viewImpact of Isaac NewtonThe Scientific SocietiesScience and SocietyReview of Scientific RevolutionDiscussion QuestionsWeb LinksChapter 16Toward a New Heaven and a New Earth:The Scientific Revolution and the Emergence of Modern ScienceWhy did the Scientific Revolution reach its peak in the 17thcentury?Background to the Scientific RevolutionMedieval ScienceContribution of Arab and Eastern societiesRenaissance artists and their impact on scientific studyClose Observation of NaturePerspective and Anatomical ProportionsMathematicsHermetic MagicAlchemyToward a New Heaven: A Revolution in AstronomyAristotle, Claudius Ptolemy and Christian TheologyGeocentric Universe Ten Spheres surrounded the EarthChristianized Ptolemaic UniverseCopernicusNicolaus Copernicus On The Revolution of the Heavenly SpheresHeliocentric UniverseKeplerReformation AstronomyJohannes KeplerInterest in Hermetic thought and Mathematical magic“Music of the Spheres”Laws of Planetary MotionDiscredits Ptolemaic SystemGalileoGalileo GalileiPioneered experimentation with mathematical analysisPerfected the TelescopeThe Starry MessengerCondemned by the ChurchThreatened with tortureScientific leadership passes to England, France and the NetherlandsWhy did religious leaders react so negatively to the new advances in Science, especially in astronomy?Sir Isaac NewtonIf I have seen further it is because I have stood on ye shoulders of giants.---Isaac Newton to Robert Hooke (1676)Isaac Newton 17thcenturyChair of Mathematics at Cambridge UniversityMathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy (1684 – 1686): The PrincipiaThree Laws of MotionsGravityOptics – particle theory of lightCalculus and rivalry with LeibnizAdvances in MedicineMedieval Medicine dominated by GalenAndreas Vesalius On the Fabric of the Human Body (1543)Dissection of a human bodyCorrects Galen’s errorsWilliam HarveyOn the Motion of the Heart and Blood (1628)Circulation of the bloodWomen in the Origins of Modern ScienceNew Opportunities for WomenLargely informal educationMargaret CavendishObservations upon Experimental Philosophy Grounds of Natural PhilosophyAttacked rationalist and empiricist approaches to scientific knowledgeGerman Women Scientists1 of 7 German astronomers was a womanMaria Winkelmann (1670 – 1720)•Discovered comet•Rejected for a post by the Berlin AcademyDebate over the nature and value of womenWomen portrayed as inherently base, prone to vice, easily swayed, and “sexually insatiable”Women joined debate in the 17th century and reject this viewScience used to “perpetrate old stereotypes about women”Scientific revolution reaffirmed traditional ideas about women’s natureRenee Descartes“I think, therefore I am.”Toward a New Earth: Descartes, Rationalism, and a New View of HumankindRene Descartes (1596 – 1650)Discourse on Method (1637)Separation of mind and matterCartesian DualismFather of modern rationalismPascalBlaise Pascal Sought to keep science and religion unitedSought to convert rationalists to ChristianityChristianity not contrary to reasonReason had limitsThe Scientific MethodScience - a methodical approach to the acquisition of knowledgeBased on evidence and observation rather than faithExperimentation, validationPeer reviewAn Epistemological RevolutionChange in the way individuals perceive the worldChallenged the authority of the existing orderRenaissance rediscovered nature, scientific revolution sought to explain itVictory of rationality over credulityForging a new world viewRejected Medieval viewScientific, mathematical, methodological and mechanicalAnything was possibleClosely tied to and supported by capitalist idealsContributions to the world viewFrancis Bacon (1561 – 1626)• Rejects Copernicus and Kepler• Correct Scientific Method built on inductive principles• Proceed from the particular to the general• Control and domination of natureDescartes• Deduction and mathematical logicNewton• Unites Bacon’s empiricism and Descartes rationalismImpact of Isaac Newton“Nature and Nature’s laws lay hid in night: God said, Let Newton be! And all was light”-Alexander Pope’s epitaph for NewtonThe Scientific SocietiesEnglish Royal SocietyReceived formal charter in 1662 from Charles IIFrench Royal AcademyFormally recognized by Louis XIV (1666)Societies recognized practical value of scientific researchBoth focus on theoretical work in mechanics and astronomyScience and SocietyParadigm shift of Galileo and NewtonPeople recognized Science’s rational superiority Science offered new ways to exploit resources for profitDiscoveries laid open to public scrutinyReview of Scientific Revolutionhttp://www.fordham.edu/halsall/mod/SCIREV.htmlDiscussion QuestionsHow did the Middle Ages and the Renaissance contribute to the Scientific Revolution?Why were advances in Mathematics so important during the Scientific Revolution?Why is Newton’s Principia called the “hinge point of modern scientific thought?How did women come to play such an important role in the Scientific Revolution?How did Pascal try to “keep science and religion united?”Why?Web LinksThe Scientific Revolution HomepageThe Alchemy WebsiteThe Galileo ProjectInternet History of Science SourcebookLuther and ScienceHistorical Anatomies on the


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CSM HST 1012 - Chapter 16 Toward a New Heaven and a New Earth

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