Philosophy 1102 1st edition Lecture 12 Outline of last lecturel. Graphs and pictograms ll. The post hoc fallacy againOutline of Current lecture lll. Causality lV. Mill’s Methods Current Lecture lll. Causality A. A cause-effect relationship can involve many factors - The rock broke the windowWeight? Velocity? Angle? Density? Strength?B. Causal network: A set of conditions that bring about an effect.- Normal state: The historical information regarding an object.- Abnormal state: A drastic change in the normal state regarding an object.- Precipitating cause: The object or even directly involved in bringing about an effect. - Remote cause: Something that is connected to the precipitating cause by a chain of events. lV. Mill’s Method A. Method of Agreement - The method that looks at two or more instance of an event to see what they have in common. - Criticism: While the method may help narrow the search, it does not provide conclusive proof that we have found the cause. It can offer only partial, tentative inductive evidence. B. Method of Difference- The method that looks for what all the instances of an event do not have in common.- Criticism: The method identifies a sufficient condition as the probable cause, but still does not provide conclusive proof. C. Joint method of Agreement and Difference- If two or more instances of an event have only one thing in common, while theinstance in which it does not occur all share the absence of that thing, then theitem is a likely cause. - Assessment: The conclusion allows us to assert that the cause was probably both a sufficient and necessary condition for the effect. D. Method of Residues - The method that subtracts from a complex set of events those parts that already have known causes.E. Method of Concomitant VariationsPhilosophy 1102 1st edition - The method that looks for two factors that vary together. - Correlation: A correspondence between two sets of objects, events, or set of data. - Criticism: Every cause-effect relationship is a case of correlation, but not every correlation is a cause-effect